Conversion of parameters for compatibility with used
attenuation relationships
Finally, if one makes use of the following definition for the sound
attenuation constant,
The specific
attenuation [A.sub.H](r) [in dB/km] and the measured reflectivity [Z'.sub.H](r) [in [mm.sup.6]/[m.sup.3]] at range r can be expressed as
For the electromagnetic field computation of the cloud-ground lightning, both the source and the receiver are assumed to be on the earth surface and the
attenuation function W in (1) can be approximately expressed as
The purpose of the paper was to research the general
attenuation and shunt principle inside straight pipeline and branch pipeline after the shock wave had passed pipeline bifurcation, instead of shock wave reflection stack phenomenon in the regional area.
The visibility data is the most mutual way to determine the
attenuation due to fog, there are many models to determine the
attenuation depend on visibility such as Kims [12], Kurse [13], Al Nabulsi [14].
where [alpha] is the
attenuation factor and [beta] is the phase factor.
The
attenuation rate in a particular medium can be defined as the amplitude decay undergone by an elastic wave traveling in this medium, per unit of distance.
[[mu].sub.1] and [[mu].sub.2] were the linear
attenuation coefficient ([cm.sup.-1]) of lead and iron, respectively.
The measured value of C/N0 quantifies the quality of the transmission channel and can be directly related to the
attenuation. The GPS carrier signals are centered at 1575.42 MHz (L1 carrier).
Combining with the results of upper derivation and using the series expansion, the
attenuation coefficient is represented as follows:
The CT numbers are measured in the Hounsfield Unit (HU), which are essential to differentiate between the different tissues in the body by evaluating their
attenuation values [2].
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