Falconer, that great extinct ruminant of India, the
Sivatherium. The breed is very true ; and a niata bull and cow invariably produce niata calves.
The large sized Siwalik genera Helladotherium, Bramatherium, Vishnutherium and
Sivatherium appeared in the late Miocene and survived up to the Pleistocene of the Siwaliks.
Sivatheriinae includes the genera
Sivatherium, Bramatherium, Helladotherium and Hydaspitherium.
The smaller forms include the genera Giraffokeryx and Giraffa, while the larger forms include the genera Bramatherium, Hydaspitherium,
Sivatherium, Helladotherium and Vishnutherium.
The Pinjor Formation (Pleistocene) yielded the geologically youngest fauna of the Siwaliks, including Proamphibos, Bubalus, Boselaphus, Indoredunca, Axis, Elephas, Stegodon, Rhinoceros,
Sivatherium and Equus (Colbert, 1935; Akhtar, 1992; Nanda, 2002; Basu, 2004; Ghaffar et al., 2012, 2017).
The premaxillary shape and dental microwear analyses showed that the diets of extinct Giraffidae were highly heterogeneous (e.g.) the Bramatherium megacephalum (Lydekker 1878) and
Sivatherium giganteum Falconer and Cautley 1835 (Sivatheriinae) were grazers.
Five Siwaliks genera of order Artiodactyla and family Giraffidae namely Progiraffa, Giraffokeryx, Giraffa, Bramatherium and
Sivatherium are included in the present study of EH for the prediction of climatic variations and ecological disturbances of the Neogene and Quaternary Siwaliks.
Sivatherium naurusium (Pomel) (Giraffidae Mammalia) de Pleistocene de la Republique de Djibouri.
Equidae, Camelidae and
Sivatherium. Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, Part-9.
A complete lower molar series of giraffid remains from the Pleistocene locality of the village Sardhok (Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan) has been identified as belonging to
Sivatherium sp.
The small forms comprise the genera Propalaeomeryx, Progiraffa, Giraffokeryx and Giraffa, and the large forms include Bramatherium, Indratherium,
Sivatherium, Hydaspitherium, Helladotherium, and Vishnutherium.
The Siwalik Sivatheriinae includes the genera
Sivatherium, Bramatherium and Helladotherium (Khan et al., 2014).