Jeffrey Keeten's Reviews > King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa
King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa
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![3427339](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p2/3427339.jpg)
”The Congo in Leopold’s mind was not the one of starving porters, raped hostages, emaciated rubber slaves, and severed hands. It was the empire of his dreams, with gigantic trees, exotic animals, and inhabitants grateful for his wise rule. Instead of going there, Leopold brought the Congo—that Congo, the theatrical production of his imagination—to himself.”
King Leopold II
Belgium was simply not big enough for the future king. ”When he thought about the throne that would be his, he was openly exasperated. ‘Petit pays, petits gens’ (small country, small people), he once said of Belgium.” He watched as countries like Holland, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany were colonizing Africa and other exotic isles and becoming rich off the plunder. In the 1880s, he saw his chance and claimed the lands of the Congo. He did this without any kind of referandum from his people. He knew what was best for Belgium. ”Most Belgians had paid little attention to their king’s flurry of African diplomacy, but once it was over they began to realize, with surprise, that his new colony was bigger than England, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy combined. It was one thirteenth of the African continent, more than seventy-six times the size of Belgium itself.”
They had no idea the level of atrocities that would be perpetrated in the name of Belgium.
I’ve always thought of Leopold II as a 2nd tier genocidal maniac. I’d always reserved the 1st tier for Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, but after reading this book and hearing the estimated number 10 million associated with the deaths in the Congo, I have officially moved Leopold II to the 1st tier genocidal maniac. So why don’t we know more about Leopold II? Why don’t we see him as the genocidal maniac that we associate with the names Hitler and Stalin?
Could it be because he was killing black people?
Another factor is the way Leopold worked tirelessly to convince people he was a great humanitarian. He found people who would help support him in this endeavor and paid them to write reports that were favorable to his reputation in Africa. He worked equally tirelessly to squash those who came back from the Congo with the lists of atrocities they had witnessed while in Africa.
The biggest thorn in Leopold’s voluminous backside turned out to be a British shipping clerk named Edmund Morel, who noticed the amount of goods coming from the Congo that were being traded or sold at prices that would not support a living wage in the Congo. The math did not add up. The only way that Leopold could be selling goods this cheaply was if they were being acquired through slave labor. Morel went on to found a paper that continued to expose Leopold’s criminal activities in the Congo. Morel hammered away at him for the rest of his life. Additionally, Roger Casement was an Irish man who risked life and limb to obtain evidence that directly refuted the rosy picture that Leopold was selling Europe. There were also two American black men, George Washington Williams and William Sheppard, who did everything they could to expose Leopold’s monstrosities to the world. There were many other people who tried their best to stop what was happening, unchecked, in the Congo.
The problem was that Europe and the United States wanted to believe Leopold.
The most famous book of celebrated author Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness was set in the real Leopold’s Congo. The famous character of Kurtz was based on a man Conrad met in the Congo.
”One prototype for Conrad’s Mr. Kurtz: Léon Rom. This swashbuckling officer was known for displaying a row of severed African heads around his garden. He also wrote a book on African customs, painted portraits and landscapes, and collected butterflies.”
Léon Rom was a civilized, well educated man. So how does decorating your garden with severed African heads equate with butterfly collecting and painting portraits and landscapes?
Leopold flooded the Congo with the right sort of men. Mercenaries capable of chopping off hands, raping uncooperating women, murdering men, women, and children, and lashing men who didn’t bring enough rubber back from the jungle with ”the chicotte—a whip of raw, sun-dried hippopotamus hide, cut into a long sharp-edged corkscrew strip.”
The strip this would cut off a man’s back, buttock, and legs would leave deep, permanent scars if the man was lucky, or in many cases unlucky, enough to live. *shudder*
White men felt free of all law in the Congo. “We have liberty, independence, and life with wide horizons. Here you are free and not a mere slave of society. . . . Here one is everything!” So to live as free as one would like, one must enslave others? These men had harems, money, and status, something they could never achieve working as clerks or plumbers in Europe. In the Congo, they were warlords.
They killed so many Congolese that they feared not having enough slaves to maintain the plundering of the Congo. “‘We run the risk of someday seeing our native population collapse and disappear,’ fretfully declared the permanent committee of the National Colonial Congress of Belgium that year. ‘So that we will find ourselves confronted with a kind of desert.’” It reminds me of hunters who hunted species to extinction and then bemoaned the fact that they couldn’t hunt those animals anymore. At no point did they think to themselves, maybe we are killing these animals faster than they can reproduce.
So why cut off the hands? It seems counterproductive when you need these men to work. Every bullet had to be accounted for with Leopold’s mercenaries, so if a man used a bullet to kill game, he had to have an African hand to account for that bullet. Every African hand was then turned in for a reward. It is too sick to comprehend.
Every country in Africa has tales of horror and outrage at the hands of European colonizers. I do believe that what happened in the Congo was by far the worst atrocities on a native population in Africa. The sad part of it is that most of us don’t know anything about it. I knew some, but I didn’t know enough. The “cake” that was Africa was cut up into portions and served to the white European countries as casually as if they were discussing the fates of Africans at a garden party with their children playing at their feet and their wives bringing them slices of the Congo, Nigeria, Kenya, Algeria, South Africa, and Senegal with which they could gorge themselves.
Adam Hochschild had a difficult time getting this book published. It was as if the ghost of Leopold was still haunting and suppressing the truth. This is a brilliant and important book that exposes the truth of the Congo and the complicity which every “civilized” country played in allowing such atrocities to occur.
If you wish to see more of my most recent book and movie reviews, visit http://www.jeffreykeeten.com
I also have a Facebook blogger page at:https://www.facebook.com/JeffreyKeeten
![photo King20Leopold20II_zpsx1f6dans.jpg](https://cdn.statically.io/img/i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/hostedimages/1536276055i/26263523.jpg)
King Leopold II
Belgium was simply not big enough for the future king. ”When he thought about the throne that would be his, he was openly exasperated. ‘Petit pays, petits gens’ (small country, small people), he once said of Belgium.” He watched as countries like Holland, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany were colonizing Africa and other exotic isles and becoming rich off the plunder. In the 1880s, he saw his chance and claimed the lands of the Congo. He did this without any kind of referandum from his people. He knew what was best for Belgium. ”Most Belgians had paid little attention to their king’s flurry of African diplomacy, but once it was over they began to realize, with surprise, that his new colony was bigger than England, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy combined. It was one thirteenth of the African continent, more than seventy-six times the size of Belgium itself.”
They had no idea the level of atrocities that would be perpetrated in the name of Belgium.
I’ve always thought of Leopold II as a 2nd tier genocidal maniac. I’d always reserved the 1st tier for Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, but after reading this book and hearing the estimated number 10 million associated with the deaths in the Congo, I have officially moved Leopold II to the 1st tier genocidal maniac. So why don’t we know more about Leopold II? Why don’t we see him as the genocidal maniac that we associate with the names Hitler and Stalin?
Could it be because he was killing black people?
Another factor is the way Leopold worked tirelessly to convince people he was a great humanitarian. He found people who would help support him in this endeavor and paid them to write reports that were favorable to his reputation in Africa. He worked equally tirelessly to squash those who came back from the Congo with the lists of atrocities they had witnessed while in Africa.
The biggest thorn in Leopold’s voluminous backside turned out to be a British shipping clerk named Edmund Morel, who noticed the amount of goods coming from the Congo that were being traded or sold at prices that would not support a living wage in the Congo. The math did not add up. The only way that Leopold could be selling goods this cheaply was if they were being acquired through slave labor. Morel went on to found a paper that continued to expose Leopold’s criminal activities in the Congo. Morel hammered away at him for the rest of his life. Additionally, Roger Casement was an Irish man who risked life and limb to obtain evidence that directly refuted the rosy picture that Leopold was selling Europe. There were also two American black men, George Washington Williams and William Sheppard, who did everything they could to expose Leopold’s monstrosities to the world. There were many other people who tried their best to stop what was happening, unchecked, in the Congo.
The problem was that Europe and the United States wanted to believe Leopold.
The most famous book of celebrated author Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness was set in the real Leopold’s Congo. The famous character of Kurtz was based on a man Conrad met in the Congo.
![]()
Should I chase butterflies today or should I lob off a few heads?
”One prototype for Conrad’s Mr. Kurtz: Léon Rom. This swashbuckling officer was known for displaying a row of severed African heads around his garden. He also wrote a book on African customs, painted portraits and landscapes, and collected butterflies.”
Léon Rom was a civilized, well educated man. So how does decorating your garden with severed African heads equate with butterfly collecting and painting portraits and landscapes?
Leopold flooded the Congo with the right sort of men. Mercenaries capable of chopping off hands, raping uncooperating women, murdering men, women, and children, and lashing men who didn’t bring enough rubber back from the jungle with ”the chicotte—a whip of raw, sun-dried hippopotamus hide, cut into a long sharp-edged corkscrew strip.”
The strip this would cut off a man’s back, buttock, and legs would leave deep, permanent scars if the man was lucky, or in many cases unlucky, enough to live. *shudder*
White men felt free of all law in the Congo. “We have liberty, independence, and life with wide horizons. Here you are free and not a mere slave of society. . . . Here one is everything!” So to live as free as one would like, one must enslave others? These men had harems, money, and status, something they could never achieve working as clerks or plumbers in Europe. In the Congo, they were warlords.
They killed so many Congolese that they feared not having enough slaves to maintain the plundering of the Congo. “‘We run the risk of someday seeing our native population collapse and disappear,’ fretfully declared the permanent committee of the National Colonial Congress of Belgium that year. ‘So that we will find ourselves confronted with a kind of desert.’” It reminds me of hunters who hunted species to extinction and then bemoaned the fact that they couldn’t hunt those animals anymore. At no point did they think to themselves, maybe we are killing these animals faster than they can reproduce.
![photo Congo20missing20hands_zps7ihstkux.jpg](https://cdn.statically.io/img/i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/hostedimages/1536276055i/26263525.jpg)
So why cut off the hands? It seems counterproductive when you need these men to work. Every bullet had to be accounted for with Leopold’s mercenaries, so if a man used a bullet to kill game, he had to have an African hand to account for that bullet. Every African hand was then turned in for a reward. It is too sick to comprehend.
Every country in Africa has tales of horror and outrage at the hands of European colonizers. I do believe that what happened in the Congo was by far the worst atrocities on a native population in Africa. The sad part of it is that most of us don’t know anything about it. I knew some, but I didn’t know enough. The “cake” that was Africa was cut up into portions and served to the white European countries as casually as if they were discussing the fates of Africans at a garden party with their children playing at their feet and their wives bringing them slices of the Congo, Nigeria, Kenya, Algeria, South Africa, and Senegal with which they could gorge themselves.
Adam Hochschild had a difficult time getting this book published. It was as if the ghost of Leopold was still haunting and suppressing the truth. This is a brilliant and important book that exposes the truth of the Congo and the complicity which every “civilized” country played in allowing such atrocities to occur.
If you wish to see more of my most recent book and movie reviews, visit http://www.jeffreykeeten.com
I also have a Facebook blogger page at:https://www.facebook.com/JeffreyKeeten
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Reading Progress
August 15, 2018
–
Started Reading
August 15, 2018
– Shelved
August 15, 2018
– Shelved as:
africa
August 15, 2018
– Shelved as:
greed
August 15, 2018
– Shelved as:
exploration
September 2, 2018
–
Finished Reading
September 4, 2018
– Shelved as:
nonfiction
Comments Showing 1-50 of 63 (63 new)
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Ryan
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Aug 16, 2018 06:12AM
![Ryan Vaughan](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s.gr-assets.com/assets/nophoto/user/m_25x33-8a3530ed95c3dbef8bf215b080559b09.png)
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![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Well, really it has proved to be a perfect storm of events. I've had a Kindle for a long time. I traded my daughter an old iPad for her Kindle Fire and for the most part it has made a very useful paperweight on my desk. I do take it on trips to Europe, but always tuck a couple of BOOKS in my luggage as well. The whole idea that I have to have a power source to read is rather alarming. This book was sent to me free on kindle a long time ago. I've been contemplating rereading Heart of Darkness and thought this book would be a good companion volume. My library, which generally is rather useless, does not have a copy so I blew the dust off the Kindle and here we are. Also my library has more books available on digital which makes it slightly more useful. To add to all of this I was contacted by a very nice person from GR who asked if I would please consider participating in the highlighting and note taking available with reading digital books. *Sigh* there are conspiracy undertones. I can get as many books as I want off Netgalley as well if I choose to start using them more. No worries though Ryan, I will still be reading 90% of my books the way they are supposed to be read. :-)
![J.S.](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1530507530p1/3777762.jpg)
And I especially love the highlight feature that links to my GR account. All my highlights and notes right here, even on the ebooks I borrowed from the library (they don't disappear when the book returns). Sometimes I even borrow the e-version of a physical book I'm reading just for the highlight feature.
Sorry if I sound like an advertisement, but I'm finding ebooks very very convenient.
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Even though I've always been an advocate for paper books I've never disparaged digital books, well maybe some tongue in cheek. My mother before she died couldn't read books except for on the Kindle (available on any ereader she just happened to have a kindle) where the font function could be set large enough for her to read the words. We didn't try the audio function on her ereader, but that would have been the next step.
I also find that people feel more comfortable with the anonymity as to what exactly they are doing on an iPad, Kindle, etc. No one can tell if they are reading or on FB. When carrying a paper book everyone knows what you are reading.
So there are numerous reasons why ebooks are enticing. Ultimately I'm a collector and love to get books signed by authors so that is an additional element to why I still insist on being a Luddite.
Great stuff J.S.!
![Ryan Vaughan](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s.gr-assets.com/assets/nophoto/user/m_25x33-8a3530ed95c3dbef8bf215b080559b09.png)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Thanks for the link J! Definitely a place I want to visit.
![Forrest](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1558621304p1/811928.jpg)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Some of the most massive genocides in history happened in the 20th century, not that long ago. I hope you are right Forrest, that things like this won't happen anymore. I was a bit overwhelmed with the number of people who reached out to me while I was reading the book telling me how important it was for me to read this book and review it. How important it was for me to bring attention to this atrocity. Genocide is still on the minds of people. I too knew about King Leopold and the Congo, but I had no idea how terrible his crimes against humanity were or how the world leaders at the time turned their backs on the evidence of what was happening. It made me think of Rwanda and the fact that we didn't consider that to be our problem. We had the chance to be the good guys about something that didn't involve oil or financial interests. *sigh*
I always feel that humanity is on the brink of the Dark Ages. Any bobble in the universe and civilization and the important aspects of all that means are so easily discarded.
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
JEFFRREY U ROCK!!!"
Thanks Lewis! I'll catch Armada tomorrow.
![Forrest](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1558621304p1/811928.jpg)
I studied Rwanda . . . a LOT . . . in grad school. I started in 1996, not long after the genocide. The Rwandan genocide resulted in a lot more death and chaos, but the Belgian Congo period was a more sustained, systemic oppression. I had a semester long seminar on, you guessed it, genocide. We skipped the holocaust (except for some theoretical considerations) and focused on the many other genocides that have taken place: Armenia, Rwanda, the Ukraine starvation, the purges of communists in Indonesia, etc, etc, etc. It was the most depressing, and one of the most enlightening, classes I took in my entire college career. Definitely got you thinking. Oh, and one of the people in the class was Cambodian and was there for the killing fields of Kampuchea. Ironically, he was one of happiest, most well-adjusted people I've ever met. He had a club foot, so he wasn't doing any killing, per-se, because they hold crippled people in high esteem there, but he processed some paperwork for people who were initially being pressed into incarceration. Weird, weird, stuff. Kind of freaks me out if I think about it too long. But he was, seriously, one of the nicest people I've met.
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
A Genocide class? What was the drop out rate from that class. :-) The fact that you came out of that class with still a hope for humanity says a lot about you Forrest. I feel like we are in an era of backsliding. The whole house of cards feels so vulnerable to me. Human tendencies, unfortunately, remain the same all they lack is the proper venue to express themselves. Thanks for sharing that, great perspective.
![Hanneke](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1677675588p1/17944903.jpg)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
They were probably just glad that he hadn't ordered their heads lopped off. Did you know he never, ever visited the Congo? All he was interest in was what resources could be squeezed out of it. He spent money extravagantly on palaces, and vacation getaways and a 16 year old mistress who he started seeing when he was 65! He is definitely a monster on a much larger scale than I realized.
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
I tend to agree David. As resources get shorter for everyone and the gap widens between the haves and the have nots I think the potential for a pandemic disaster increases exponentially.
![David Dennington](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1608420762p1/52575781.jpg)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Did you see that China now allows couples to have three children? Their population growth has been flat, which is really a blessing, but they fear going backwards. Not that I believe in any government telling people how many children they should have, but educating them, as you say, works just as well. It is in fact crucial. Do any of us really want more people competing for fewer resources? The math is not pretty. I agree curbing population or even reducing it would be the best help to the environment.
![Mike](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1330719867p1/6003113.jpg)
Thanks for showing the link to "Heart of Darkness" as well. This would be an interesting combination to read together.
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Thanks for showing the link to "Heart o..."
The part that drives me crazy, that relatively, the worst genocides in history are part of our recent history! You are most welcome Mike! Don't worry about swalling flies they are a good source of protein. :-)
![Hanneke](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1677675588p1/17944903.jpg)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Thanks for the recommend Hanneke! I will put it on my list.
![Forrest](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1558621304p1/811928.jpg)
Everyone completed that class, but I remember we all walked out of it like zombies every time. People don't understand that there is a spiritual burden to studying history.
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Absolutely! Especially when you are focused on the most hideous aspects.
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Leopold was an entity all to himself. The Belgian people were mostly in the dark about his activities. Who would believe it anyway? He was so charming and likable. I do wish the Belgian government had taken more interest in his activities. When they did they discovered that much of the money they had invested with him had been used for purposes not intended. Thank you!
![Helena](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1566072363p1/50136998.jpg)
Leopold was an entity all to himself. The Belgian people were mostly in the dark about his activities. Who would believe it an..."
It's a very black page in our short history as a country.
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Leopold was an entity all to himself. The Belgian people were mostly in the dark about his activities. Who wou..."
*Sigh* my country has more than a few.
![Sue](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1274829293p1/3642045.jpg)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Thanks Sue! This was a devastating book to read. The genocide is so bad that it should be mention in the same breath as the holocaust. If this had been white people treated like this there is no doubt it would be.
![Shaun](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1304973778p1/2621599.jpg)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
Thanks Shaun! I'm hoping even if people don't read the book they become more aware with my review.
![Carol](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1438649960p1/3845138.jpg)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
![Julier](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1463207120p1/27588841.jpg)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)
You are most welcome Julier! You will certainly learn about madness beyond what you think is possible.
![Bookish Ally](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1703041196p1/66361703.jpg)
![Jeffrey Keeten](https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.gr-assets.com/users/1675636329p1/3427339.jpg)