Nebraska
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Nebraska
Nebraska (nəbrăsˈkə), Great Plains state of the central United States. It is bordered by Iowa and Missouri, across the Missouri River (E), Kansas (S), Colorado (SW), Wyoming (NW), and South Dakota (N).
Facts and Figures
Geography
Nebraska is roughly rectangular, except in the northeast and the east where the border is formed by the irregular course of the Missouri River and in the southwest where the state of Colorado cuts out a squared corner. The land rises more or less gradually from 840 ft (256 m) in the east to 5,300 ft (1,615 m) in the west. The great but shallow Platte River, formed in W Nebraska by the junction of the North Platte and the South Platte, flows across the state from west to east to join the Missouri S of Omaha. The Platte and the Missouri, together with their tributaries, give Nebraska all-important water sources that are essential to farming in this agrarian state. Underground water sources are also widely used for irrigation. The river valleys have long provided routes westward, and today the transcontinental railroads and highways follow the valleys.
From the Missouri westward over about half the state stretch undulating farm lands, where the fertile silt is underlaid by deep loess soil. Nebraska's population is concentrated there; many are farmers who produce grains for the consumer market or for feeding hogs and dairy cattle. In this region also lie Nebraska's two major cities—Lincoln, the capital and an important insurance center, and Omaha, the state's largest city and an important meat and grain distribution center—as well as many of the state's larger towns.
To the west and northwest the Sand Hills of Nebraska fan out, their wind-eroded contours now more or less stabilized by grass coverage. Cattle graze on the slopes and tablelands, protected in the severe winters by the sand bluffs and the valleys. The climate is severely continental throughout Nebraska; a low of −40℉ (−40℃) in the winter is not unusual, and during the short intense summers temperatures may easily reach 110℉ (43℃). Rainfall is almost twice as heavy in the east as in the west. Yet in the west along the river valleys the mixture of silt and sand is watered enough to yield abundantly to cultivation, even under semiarid conditions. In the far west the land rises to the foothills of the Rocky Mts. and displays spectacular bedrock foundations.
Hundreds of fresh and alkali lakes in the state attract sportsmen and campers. The pioneers' migration west over the Oregon Trail is commemorated by the Scotts Bluff National Monument and the Chimney Rock National Historic Site. Other points of interest to the traveler include Father Flanagan's Boys Town, near Omaha; the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge, near Valentine; and the Homestead National Monument, near Beatrice.
Economy
Agriculture is Nebraska's dominant occupational pursuit. The state's chief farm products are cattle, corn, hogs, soybeans, and wheat. Nebraska ranked second among the states in cattle production in 1997. Wheat farming flourishes on the southwest plateaus, while irrigation along the Platte and its tributaries has increased the sugar-beet crop. The Univ. of Nebraska maintains agricultural experiment stations throughout the state. A program of soil conservation includes a shelter belt running across the state to check the effect of wind erosion, and dryland-farming techniques have been encouraged. Forest conservation is stressed, and the state (the birthplace of Arbor Day) has been very active in planting forests.
Nebraska's largest industry is food processing, notably including beef production. The state has diversified its industries since World War II, and the manufacture of electrical machinery, primary metals, and transportation equipment is also important. Deposits of oil (discovered in Cheyenne co. in 1949–50) contribute to the state's economy. Omaha and Lincoln are centers for insurance and telecommunications industries, and Offutt Air Force Base, near Omaha, was the cold-war center of the Strategic Air Command.
Government and Higher Education
Nebraska's constitution was adopted in 1875. It was amended in 1982 to ensure that rangeland and farmland could be sold only to a Nebraska family-farm corporation. The executive branch is headed by a governor elected for a four-year term. By constitutional amendment in 1934 the legislature was made unicameral (it is unique in the United States), with 49 members elected on a nonpartisan basis for terms of four years. The state elects three representatives and two senators to the U.S. Congress and has five electoral votes in presidential elections. Republicans have held the governorship since 1998.
The state's leading institution of higher education is the Univ. of Nebraska, at Lincoln, Omaha, and Kearney. Creighton Univ. is at Omaha.
History
Hunters, Explorers, and Fur Traders
Nebraska's soil has been farmed since prehistoric times, but the Native Americans of the plains—notably the Pawnee—devoted themselves more to hunting the buffalo than to farming, since buffalo, as well as the pronghorn antelope and smaller animals, were then abundant in the area. The Spanish explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado and his men were the first Europeans to visit the region. They probably passed through Nebraska in 1541.
The French also came and in the 18th cent. engaged in fur trading, but development began only after the area passed from France to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The Lewis and Clark expedition (1804) and the explorations of Zebulon M. Pike (1806) increased knowledge of the country, but the activities of the fur traders were more immediately valuable in terms of settlement. Manuel Lisa, a fur trader, probably established the first trading post in the Nebraska area in 1813. Bellevue, the first permanent settlement in Nebraska, first developed as a trading post.
Steamboats and Wagon Trains
Steamboating on the Missouri River, initiated in 1819, brought business to the river ports of Omaha and Brownville. The natural highway formed by the Platte valley was used extensively by pioneers going west over the Oregon Trail and also the California Trail and the Mormon Trail. Nebraska settlers made money supplying the wagon trains with fresh mounts and pack animals as well as food.
Nebraska became a territory after passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. The territory, which initially extended from lat. 40°N to the Canadian border, was firmly Northern and Republican in sympathy during the Civil War. In 1863 the territory was reduced to its present-day size by the creation of the territories of Dakota and Colorado. Congress passed an enabling act for statehood in 1864, but the original provision in the state constitution limiting the franchise to whites delayed statehood until 1867.
Railroads, Ranches, and the Growth of Populism
In 1867 the Union Pacific RR was built across the state, and the land boom, already vigorous, became a rush. Farmers settled on free land obtained under the Homestead Act of 1862, and E Nebraska took on a settled look. The population rose from 28,841 in 1860 to 122,993 in 1870. The Pawnee were defeated in 1859, and by 1880 war with the Sioux and other Native American resistance was over. With the coming of the railroads, cow towns, such as Ogallala and Schuyler, were built up as shipping points on overland cattle trails. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Shows opened in Nebraska in 1882.
Farmers had long been staking out homestead claims across the Sand Hills to the high plains, but ranches also prospered in the state. The ranchers, trying to preserve the open range, ruthlessly opposed the encroachment of the farmers, but the persistent farmers won. Many conservationists believe that much of the land that was plowed under should have been left with grass cover to prevent erosion in later dust storms.
Nature was seldom kind to the people of Nebraska. Ranching was especially hard-hit by the ruinous cold of the winter of 1880–81, and farmers were plagued by insect hordes from 1856 to 1875, by prairie fires, and by the recurrent droughts of the 1890s. Many farmers joined the Granger movement in the lean 1870s and the Farmers' Alliances of the 1880s. In the 1890s many beleaguered farmers, faced with ruin and angry at the monopolistic practices of the railroads and the financiers, formed marketing and stock cooperatives and showed their discontent by joining the Populist party. The first national convention of the Populist party was held at Omaha in 1892, and Nebraska's most famous son, William Jennings Bryan, headed the Populist and Democratic tickets in the presidential election of 1896. Populists held the governorship of the state from 1895 to 1901.
Twentieth-Century Changes
Improved conditions in the early 1900s caused Populism to decline in the state, and the return of prosperous days was marked by progressive legislation, the building of highways, and conservation measures. The flush of prosperity, largely caused by the demand for foodstuffs during World War I, was almost feverish. Overexpansion of credits and overconfidence made the depression of the 1920s and 30s all the more disastrous (see Great Depression). Many farmers were left destitute, and many others were able to survive only because of the moratorium on farm debts in 1932. They received federal aid in the desperate years of drought in the 1930s.
Better weather and the huge food demands of World War II renewed prosperity in Nebraska. After the war, efforts continued to make the best use of the water supply, notably in such federal plans as the Missouri River basin project, a vast dam and water-diversion scheme. Attempts to diversify Nebraska's economic base to reduce dependence on meat processing and agriculture have made Lincoln, where state government and the Univ. of Nebraska generate many jobs, a business center, along with Omaha.
In 1986, Nebraska's Kay A. Orr became the first Republican woman to be elected governor of a state. E. Benjamin Nelson (1991-1999), the last Democrat to date to hold the governor's seat, was succeeded by Mike Johanns (1998-2002). Johanns resigned during his second term in 2005 to become U.S. secretary of education, and was succeeded by fellow Republican Dave Heineman (2005-11). Pete Ricketts won the office in 2014 and 2018. He vetoed many of the legislature's initiatives, including a bill that ended the death penalty in the state; although the legislature successfully overode his veto, Ricketts led a campaign for a ballot initiative that passed reinstating it. He has also been a vocal proponent of COVID-19 restrictions.
Among noted Nebraskans have been the pioneer and historian Julius Sterling Morton , who originated Arbor Day, and authors Willa Cather , Mari Sandoz, John G. Neihardt, Loren Eiseley , and Wright Morris, all of whom have vividly described the state.
Bibliography
See J. C. Olson, History of Nebraska (2d ed. 1966, repr. 1974); M. P. Lawson and R. E. Lonsdale, Economic Atlas of Nebraska (1977); D. W. Creigh, Nebraska: A History (1977); Nebraska (1985), “Geographies of the United States” series.
Nebraska State Information
www.nebraska.gov
Area (sq mi):: 77353.73 (land 76872.41; water 481.31) Population per square mile: 22.90
Population 2005: 1,758,787 State rank: 0 Population change: 2000-20005 2.80%; 1990-2000 8.40% Population 2000: 1,711,263 (White 87.30%; Black or African American 4.00%; Hispanic or Latino 5.50%; Asian 1.30%; Other 5.10%). Foreign born: 4.40%. Median age: 35.30
Income 2000: per capita $19,613; median household $39,250; Population below poverty level: 9.70% Personal per capita income (2000-2003): $27,625-$30,179
Unemployment (2004): 3.90% Unemployment change (from 2000): 1.10% Median travel time to work: 18.00 minutes Working outside county of residence: 19.40%
List of Nebraska counties:
Nebraska Parks
- US National Parks
- Urban Parks
- State Parks
- Parks and Conservation-Related Organizations - US
- National Wildlife Refuges
- National Trails
- National Grasslands
- National Forests
Nebraska
a state in the central USA, located in the Missouri River Basin. Area, 200,000 sq km. Population, 1.5 million (1970), 61.5 percent of which is urban. The state capital is Lincoln, and the largest city is Omaha.
The state’s terrain is primarily level or rolling; located in the extreme west are the spurs of the Rocky Mountains (elevations to 1,654 m). The climate is temperate and continental. The average monthly temperatures range from —5° to 24°C; annual precipitation totals 450–700 mm. There are coniferous forests on the mountain slopes.
Nebraska is an agricultural and industrial state. Approximately 14 percent of its labor force is employed in agriculture, and about 14 percent in processing industries. Stock raising, primarily livestock for meat, accounts for more than two-thirds of the value of agricultural commodity production. In 1972 there were 6.8 million head of cattle, including 200,000 dairy cows, and 3.3 million hogs. In 1971 the number of farms totaled 72,000 (134,000 in 1935). A total of 1.5 million hectares of land are irrigated. The principal agricultural crops are corn (11.4 million tons in 1971), wheat (2.9 million tons), and sugar beets (on irrigated lands in the western part of the state). The food-processing industry is well developed; its principal branch is meat-packing. There are also flour mills, creameries, and sugar refineries. Nonfood-processing industries include nonferrous metallurgy, agricultural machine building, and fertilizer. There is some petroleum extraction. As of 1971, the capacity of electric power plants was 2 million kilowatts.
Nebraska
Thirty-seventh state; admitted on March 1, 1867
Nebraska’s admission day anniversary is marked as State Day. On March 1 every year, state law requires the governor to issue a proclamation about the anniversary and call on citizens to celebrate. Schools may mark the occasion with programs about the state’s history. The centennial celebration was held during much of 1967 with festivals, rodeos, pageants, and exhibits.
State capital: Lincoln Nicknames: Cornhusker State; Tree Planters’ State State motto: Equality Before the Law State ballad: “A Place Like Nebraska” State baseball capital: Wakefield State beverage: milk State bird: Western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) State Christmas tree: Colorado blue spruce (planted near
the capital in 1876) State fish: Channel cutfish (Ictalurus punctatus) State flower: Goldenrod (Solidago serotina) State folk dance: Square dance State fossil: Mammoth State gem: Blue agate (blue chalcedony) State grass: Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium),
also called “bunch grass” or “beard grass” State historic baseball capital: St. Paul State insect: Honeybee (Apis mellifera) State mammal: Whitetail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) State poet laureate: John G. Neihardt State river: Platte River State rock: Prairie agate State slogan: “Battle born” State soil: Holdrege series (Typic arguistolls) State soft drink: Kool-Aid State song: “Beautiful Nebraska” State tartan: Nevada Tartan State tree: Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) State village of lights: Cody
More about state symbols at:
www.nlc.state.ne.us/bestofweb/statesymbols.html
More about the state at:
nebraskalegislature.gov/web/public/bluebook
SOURCES:
AmerBkDays-2000, p. 174 AnnivHol-2000, p. 36
STATE OFFICES:
State web site: www.nebraska.gov
Office of the Governor PO Box 94848 Lincoln, NE 68509 402-471-2244 fax: 402-471-6031 gov.nol.org
Secretary of State PO Box 94608 Lincoln, NE 68509 402-471-2554 fax: 402-471-3237 www.sos.state.ne.us
Nebraska State Library
PO Box 98931
Lincoln, NE 68509
402-471-3189
fax: 402-471-1011
www.nlc.state.ne.us