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3rd century in Lebanon

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3rd century in Lebanon
Key event(s):
Statue of Ulpian, a Lebanese Roman jurist born in Tyre. He was considered one of the great legal authorities of his time and was one of the five jurists upon whom decisions were to be based according to the Law of Citations of Valentinian III.
Chronology:

This article lists historical events that occurred between 201–300 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.

Administration

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Tyre was the capital of Phoenice, but the Roman emperor Elagabalus (r. 218–222) raised his native Emesa (modern-day Homs) to co-capital, leading to a rivalry between the two cities as the head of the province.[1]

Propraetorial Imperial Legates of Phoenicia

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Date Propraetorial Imperial Legates (Governors)
c. 207 Domitius Leo Procillianus
213 D. Pius Cassius
Between 268 and 270 Salvius Theodorus
Between 284 and 305 L. Artorius Pius Maximus
292 – 293 Crispinus[2][3]

Events

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200s

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  • Domitius Leo Procillianus is Propraetorial Imperial Legate of Phoenicia c. 207 AD.
Bust of young Severus Alexander, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

210s

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Willem Swanenburgh, after Joachim Anthonisz Wtewael, Beheading of the Roman Judge Papinian, 1606
Seven Wise Men Mosaic: Calliope, surrounded by Socrates and seven wise men (Baalbeck, 3rd century A.D.)

220s

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  • The Tyrian-born Ulpian, Latin: Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus; a Roman jurist and one of the great legal authorities, under Severus Alexander, serves as praetorian prefect from 222 AD.[8]
  • Ulpian is murdered in 228.[8]

230s

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250s

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260s

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  • Salvius Theodorus is Propraetorial Imperial Legate of Phoenicia in 268 AD.

270s

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  • The Palmyrene empire is established in 270 AD with the start of Zenobia's expedition against the Tanukhids in the spring of the same year, leading to the occupation of Roman Phoenice by the Syrian Palmyrenes.[13]
The Palmyrene Empire in 271
  • Pagan temples are attested in a Greek inscription mentioning the date 272 AD found in the Mar Mama church in Ehden.[14]
  • The Palmyrene empire is reconquered by the Romans, 273 AD.
  • A Roman mint is established in Tripolis, 273/274 AD.[15][16]

280s

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Saint Moura Church, Kfarsghab, Lebanon.
  • Saint Moura, an Egyptian Saint that is almost exclusively celebrated amongst Maronites, is martyred in 283 AD, Ansena, Egypt.[17]
  • The Third century Crisis ends with the ascension of Diocletian and his implementation of reforms in 284 AD.
  • L. Artorius Pius Maximus is Propraetorial Imperial Legate of Phoenicia in 284 AD.
  • The Roman mint in Tripolis closes down in 286/287 AD.

290s

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  • Crispinus is Propraetorial Imperial Legate of Phoenicia, 292 – 293.
  • Aquilina, a native of Byblos and a christian child, dies in 293 AD, shortly before the executioner could carry out the decapitation sentenced on her for her religion.[18]
Miniature painting of the martyrdom of Ananias and his companions, Menologion of Basil II
  • Ananias "of Phoenicia" the Presbyter, Peter the prison guard, and seven soldiers, get martyred in the form of drowning after lengthy torture for their Christianity, 295 AD, Phoenicia.[19]
  • Gelasinus is martyred in Baalbek, 297 AD.[20][21]

Ecclesiastical administration

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The ecclesiastical administration of Pheonice paralleled the political, but with some differences. The bishop of Tyre emerged as the pre-eminent prelate of Phoenice by the mid-3rd century.[22]

Military

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Since the time of Septimius Severus, it had been the practice to assign not more than two legions to each frontier province, and, although in some provinces one legion was sometimes deemed sufficient, the upper limit was not exceeded. This policy appears to have been continued during the third century AD, as seen in the case of Aurelian raising the garrisons of Phoenice to the normal strength of two legions.[23]

Education

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Saint Gregory the Miracle-Worker, 14th century icon

In 238 or 239 AD, Beirut was first mentioned in writing as a major center for the study of law in the panegyric of Gregory Thaumaturgus, the bishop of Neo-Caesarea[24][25][26] The 3rd-century emperors Diocletian and Maximian issued constitutions exempting the students of the law school of Beirut from compulsory service in their hometowns.[27][28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Eißfeldt 1941, p. 368.
  2. ^ Linda Jones Hall, Roman Berytus: Beirut in late antiquity (2004)
  3. ^ PLRE
  4. ^ Furius Dionysius Filocalus, Chronograph of 354, Part 3: "DIVI·ALEXANDRI·KAL·OCT".
  5. ^ Reed, Joseph J. (1862). Outlines of Universal History: In Three Parts; with a Copious Index to Each Part, Showing the Correct Mode of Pronouncing Every Name Mentioned ... J.B. Lippincott & Company.
  6. ^ Jessup (1881), p. 471.
  7. ^ Birley, Septimius Severus: The African Emperor, p. 222
  8. ^ a b "Ulpian | Roman jurist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  9. ^ "Severus Alexander (222–235 AD): The Calm before the Storm" (PDF). The Saylor Foundation.
  10. ^ Schott, Jeremy M. (2013-04-23). Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0346-2.
  11. ^ Eusebius, Church History VII.5
  12. ^ The New Catholic Encyclopedia (Detroit: Gale, 2003). ISBN 978-0-7876-4004-0
  13. ^ Bryce, Trevor (2014-03-05). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-100293-9.
  14. ^ Yammine, Y.: Daleel Ehden, page 14.
  15. ^ Sellars, Ian J. (2013). The Monetary System of the Romans. p. 355. Retrieved Nov 19, 2019.
  16. ^ "Tripolis, Phoenicia (Tripoli, Lebanon)". FORVM ANCIENT COINS. Retrieved Nov 19, 2019.
  17. ^ Moubarac,Youakim (1984), Pentalogie Antiochienne / Domaine Maronite - Tome II - Volume I - page 39. Editor Cenacle Libanais - Beirut - Lebanon.
  18. ^ "Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria". www.oca.org. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  19. ^ "Martyrs Ananias the Presbyter, Peter, and seven soldiers, in Phoenicia". www.oca.org. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  20. ^ Forster (1828), p. 239.
  21. ^ Butler (1799), p. 402.
  22. ^ Eißfeldt 1941, p. 369.
  23. ^ Parker, "The Legions of Diocletian and Constantine," p. 177/178.
  24. ^ Sartre 2005, p. 289
  25. ^ Collinet 1925, p. 17
  26. ^ Thaumaturgus 239, pp. 45–46
  27. ^ Jidejian 1973, p. 65
  28. ^ Collinet 1925, pp. 29–30

Sources

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