The Origins of Totalitarianism, Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), second edition 1968, 527 pages, Dewey 321.9, ISBN 9780156701532.
More than, "Why Hitler? WhyThe Origins of Totalitarianism, Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), second edition 1968, 527 pages, Dewey 321.9, ISBN 9780156701532.
More than, "Why Hitler? Why Stalin?" Truths about violent power; the peculiar organization and psychology of mass movements.
A military-industrial complex is a prerequisite for totalitarianism.
Totalitarian movements are organizations of atomized, isolated individuals. Stalin atomized his people by skilful use of mass murder. pp. 323, 348, 474.
Total domination does not allow for free initiative in any field of life, for any activity that is not entirely predictable. pp. 339, 374. The aim of totalitarian education is not to instill convictions but to destroy the capacity to form any. p. 468.
Totalitarianism is distinct from mere Fascism, authoritarianism, autocracy, dictatorship, despotism, or tyranny. A tyrant deflects criticism onto his subordinates. A Leader can't tolerate criticism of his subordinates, they act in his name. p. 375. A mass leader can never admit an error. p. 349. If he wants to correct his own errors, he must liquidate those who carried them out. p. 375, 412, 422.
The Nazis learned as much from American gangster organizations as their propaganda learned from American business publicity. p. 345. Mass movements operate in a post-truth, post-reality world. pp. 382-385, 388, 391, 474-475.
Up to now (1st edition, 1950) we have just two totalitarian regimes: Bolshevism since 1930, Nazism 1938-1945. p. 419.
Totalitarianism is characterized by purposeless, persistent, mass murder. p. 445. The purpose of the purposeless carnage is total control of the population, and indoctrination of the executioners. pp. 456, 464-468.
Antisemitism became a political platform in Europe. Arendt details how, why, when, where, and who, pp. xi-xvi, xli-xlii, 1-120, 483-491. Imperialism. pp. xvii-xxviii, xlii, 121-302, 491-498. Totalitarianism. pp. xxix-xl, xlii-xliii, 303-479, 499-507.
ANTISEMITISM Anybody in Russia may suddenly become a victim of police terror. p. 6.
Imperial European countries between the French Revolution and World War I came to need more financing than even the Jews could provide. So, Jews lost their power, leading to contempt of them, without losing their wealth, leading to hatred of them. p. 15.
Only in France did the state create mercantile businesses and manufacturers, which could not compete in the free market; yet the state bureaucracy that perpetuates them has persisted. p. 16.
Around 1900, imperialist expansion, improving instruments of violence and state monopoly of them, made the state lucrative for the (nonJewish bourgeois) owning classes. p. 18.
Beginning 1492, Jews were expelled from cities. p. 19. Jews still handled finances for princes. The rise of the nation-state beginning 1789 ended the Jews' status as moneylenders to feudal princes. pp. 20, 51. The last Jew-financed war was Otto von Bismarck's 1866 war with Austria, after the Prussian parliament denied him credit. Only Frankfurt, among great urban centers, never expelled Jews. p. 26. Pre-WWI, sons of wealthy Jews flocked into newspapers, publishing, music, theater, and other liberal professions or intellectual pursuits. p. 52.
Jews had managed peace negotiations, including arranging reparations payments, up through Bismarck's win over the French in 1871. When "victory or death" became policy, the Jews were of no use. p. 21. In 1871, Rothchild supported monarchists, against the existing republican government, which then had no use for him. p. 97.
Jewish moneylenders had been inter-state go-betweens, serving but not considered as belonging to one state. To preserve his house's inter-European status, Meyer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812) set up his five sons in Europe's five financial capitals: Frankfurt, Paris, London, Naples, and Vienna. Beginning 1811, Rothschild monopolized European state loans. p. 26. Rothschild owned the Austrian railroads. p. 43. Rothschild financed the Bourbons, maintained close ties to Louis Philippe, and flourished under Napoleon III. p. 47. The more Disraeli learned about the Jewish bankers' well-functioning organization, the more he saw it as a secret society with the world's destinies in its hands. p. 76.
The lower middle classes of Germany, Austria, and France in the late 1800s lost their government-protected guild status and had to compete with wage-slave products from north England. Trying to rise before they sank, they bet and lost their shirts in financial scandals. They blamed Jews, who were not at fault but only middlemen. pp. 36, 95-99. After 1881, swindle became the only law in France. Every faction sought only defense of vested interests, by any means, preferably corruption. Every political party had a Jewish bagman. p. 98. The decayed state no longer could, and no longer had a need to, protect Jews. p. 99.
Jesuits controlled the Catholic Church's international policy, from 1800 on. Their rule required novices to prove they had no Jewish blood back to the fourth generation. p. 102. Jesuits were determined that there be no army officers immune to the influence of the confessional. p. 103.
The mob is the residue of all classes. pp. 107, 155. It clamors for strongman leadership, as it hates society it is excluded from. French notables and politicians produced the mob in a series of scandals and public frauds. p. 107.
Jews, Jesuits, Freemasons were all seen by the mob as secret societies bent on world domination. p. 108.
Only around 1900, with Russian pogroms, did Jewish poverty enter London. p. 70.
IMPERIALISM 1884-1914 was the period of imperialism: quiet in Europe, shock and awe in Asia and Africa. The bourgeoisie ruled, but didn't seek political power until the state failed to grow the economy. p. 123. With Hitler would come mob rule. p. 124.
In less than 20 years, colonial powers gained: Britain: 4.5M sq. mi, 66M people France: 3.5M sq. mi, 26M people Germany: 1M sq. mi, 13M people Belgium .9M sq. mi, 8.5M people. p. 124.
Trade and economics had already involved every nation in world politics. p. 124.
Conquest and empire had succeeded only where, as with Rome, government was based on law: so the Roman empire imposed a uniform law everywhere. Nation-states by contrast are governed by popularity among a homogeneous people. Colonies of Others can be governed only by tyranny. p. 125. Colonized people are not citizens of the colonizing nation, and are subject to separate laws. p. 127. Colonial-government officials knew that they must rule by tyranny, including massacre. The governments of England, France, and Germany kept colonial governors from going to the extremes that would've been needed to keep the colonies. pp. 133-134, 216.
Imperialism started its politics of expansion for expansion's sake no sooner than around 1884. p. xvii. Imperialism was born when the ruling class of capitalist production came up against national limitations to its economic expansion. p. 126. Capitalism requires constant growth: the owning class imposed this law on their governments, and demanded expansionist foreign policy. p. 126. Imperialist expansion had been touched off by a curious kind of economic crisis, the overproduction of capital and the emergence of "superfluous" money, the result of oversaving, which could no longer find productive investment within the national borders. p. 135. Export of military power followed meekly behind export of money. Fraudulent foreign-investment schemes were rife in the 1870s. p. 135. Only the national military could enable low-risk overseas profit. p. 136. Now power could appropriate wealth, without mutually-beneficial trade and without ethics. p. 137. Unlimited national military power begat unlimited private wealth.
Violence for power's (not law's) sake doesn't stop until there is nothing left to violate. p. 137. Political structures become mere temporary obstacles to ever-growing power. p. 138.
Imperialism is the first stage of rule-by-the-rich. (Not the last stage of capitalism.) p. 138. Greed-is-good first became foreign policy, then domestic policy. p. 138.
LEVIATHAN Competitors must be policed, or one will kill the others. Competition between fully armed business concerns (empires) ends in victory for one and death to the others. p. 126.
If Thomas Hobbes were right that man lacks the capacity for responsibility, and seeks only and always his own advantage, be it by murder or deceit (/Leviathan/, 1651), then no body politic could ever form. Arendt says Hobbes knew that people by nature aren't just evil, but that Hobbes's man /is/ the successful captain of industry. No compassion, most vicious and grasping. A fiend: only dominance or submission are possible. pp. 139-147. It's to protect such men from /each other/ that they require an absolute-power, tyrannical leviathan government. p. 141. Which does not protect the rest of us from them.
If the leviathan government succeeds in destroying all others, it can only destroy itself to restart the never-ending accumulation of power. p. 147.
THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE MOB AND CAPITAL Colony-acquisition papered over Europe's troubles; the apparent security was a sham. p. 147.
The human debris that each crisis idled were as unneeded as the parasitical holders of idle wealth. The export of idle men to the U.S., Australia and Canada was a safety valve for England. p. 150. Idle men and idle wealth rushed to South African diamonds and gold in the 1870s and 1880s. p. 151. Together they parasitized Africa for the most superfluous and unreal goods.
Imperialists divided mankind into master and slave races, to unify the mob. Don't think of yourself as the useless lump you are! You're a white man! /We/ are the master race! pp. 152, 155. Politicians believed that only imperialist expansion could unify their class-fragmented nations. Imperialists became parasites on patriotism. The cry for unity was the same as a war cry, yet no one saw that imperialism would be permanent war. p. 153. Imperialism would've necessitated the invention of racism as the excuse for its deeds even if no race-thinking had existed. pp. 183-184.
By 1900 the owning classes owned the civil servants. p. 154.
The Boers of South Africa descend from Dutch people put there around 1650 to supply vegetables and meat for ships to-and-from from India. Boers usurped black tribal rulers, becoming parasites on black labor, which was just enough for the Boers' subsistence. Boers became contemptuous of work. pp. 191-193. By 1923, 10% of these idle Boers lived on charity, their black workers having left them. pp. 194-195. The British idlers who rushed to the gold soon also became parasites on black labor. p. 198.
British holders of idle wealth demanded and received British government protection of their South African investments. So, by 1900, their Jewish financial middlemen were no longer crucial. p. 202. Boers demanded and received whites-only payrolls. p. 204. Jews manufactured furniture and clothing, were shopkeepers, physicians, lawyers, journalists. They /worked/. Not. Done. Work is for blacks and coloreds only, according to white mob mentality. Expel the Jews! pp. 204-205.
Two main political devices of imperialist rule: race (discovered in South Africa) and bureaucracy (discovered in Algeria, Egypt, and India). p. 207. An underprivileged group can by violence create a class lower than itself. Learned in South Africa. p. 206.
TOTALITARIANISM
Mob attitudes were bourgeois attitudes without the hypocrisy. p. 334.
Unemployment in 1932 Germany was near 50%. p. 265. Germans saw Hitler as the lesser evil than Communism or the status quo.
Minorities within nation-states must sooner or later be assimilated or liquidated. p. 273.
Gigantic lies can be established as unquestioned facts; truth can become a matter of power and pressure and infinite repetition. p. 333. Totalitarianism doesn't simply say there's no unemployment--it abolishes unemployment benefits as part of its propaganda. p. 341. When Stalin rewrote the history of the Russian Revolution he destroyed not only existing books and documents but also their authors and readers. pp. 341-342, 353. Stalin took care to say the opposite of what he did, and do the opposite of what he said. p. 362, 415. To be believable, a lie must be enormous. pp. 439, 470-471.
Allies' willingness to compromise with Hitler in Munich and Stalin in Yalta increased the Leaders' hostility. p. 393. The less the internal political opposition, the more terror. pp. 393, 464.
Real power begins where secrecy begins, in totalitarian states. p. 403, 414. The country is run by the secret police.
Arendt leaves untranslated some German, French, Latin, Yiddish, and Italian phrases. (She also knew Greek and Hebrew; she had a Ph.D. by age 23.) pp. vii, xv, xxiii, 4, 32, 33, 36, 63, 79, 80, 86, 87, 102, 104, 113, 118, 125, 129, 137, 144, 146, 158, 162, 171, 173, 175, 212, 264, 275, 278, 279, 280, 283, 289, 321, 334, 335, 336, 360, 422, 440, 443, 451, 459, 462, 464, 470, 471, 475
(I'm relying on online translation:)
Weder dem Vergangenen anheimfallen noch dem Zukünftigen. Es kommt darauf an, ganz gegenwärtig zu sein. = Neither succumb to the past nor to the future. It's all about being present. --Karl Jaspers. vii mutatis mutandis = with the necessary changes having been made. xv, 113 sine ira et studio = without anger and passion xxiii judenrein = Jew-free 4 expressis verbis = explicitly 32 unsere Leute = our people 33 Gründungsschwindel = founding scam: founding a stock company with borrowed money; repaying after registering the company, so it actually has no capital. 36 primi inter pares = firsts among equals 63, 162 neque in toto orbi alicui nationi inservimus = neither in the whole world do we serve any nation 63 corpo = body 63 la capitale du dixneuvième siècle = capital of the 19th century 79 citoyen = citizen 79, 144 fin-de-siècle = end-of-century (here meaning around 1900) 79, 81, 86 apologia pro vita sua = apology for his life 80, 86, 87 bordereaux = classified military documents 101, 104 homines religiosi = prophets or saints 102 sub iudice = being litigated 104 schnorrer = freeloader 118 Ostjuden = Jews from Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, Romania, Hungary, Moldova. 118 le plébiscite de tous les jours = the daily referendum 125 Périssent les colonies si elles nous en coûtent l'honneur, la liberté. = Perish the colonies if they cost us Honor, Liberty. 125 ius = right 129 imperium = government 129 force noire = black force (African colonial conscripts) 129 ultima ratio = final thought 137 summum bonum = highest good 144 raison d'état = reason of state: justification for a nation's foreign policy on the basis that the nation's own interests are primary. 146, 321 Weltanschauung = worldview 158, 336, 470 la raison est de tous les climats = reason is of all climates 162 Tiers Etat = third state = everyone who wasn't clergy or noble. The politically powerful ones were (are) the bourgeoisie. 162 taedium vitae = weariness of life 171 fils des rois = sons of kings 175 tertium comparationis = third part of the comparison = commonality 212 volte-face = about-face = reversal of policy 264 modus vivendi = way of life 275 cuius regio, eius religio = whose realm, their religion = the ruler sets the religion 275 la capitale des apatrides = the capital of stateless people 278 manquant gravement à leurs devoirs de citoyen belge = seriously failing in their duties as Belgian citizens 279 quid quid est in territorio est de territorio = what is in the territory is of the territory 280 réfugié provenant d'Allemagne = refugee from Germany 283 Heimatlose = homeless 289 la trahison des clercs = the betrayal of the clerics 334 épater le bourgeois = impress the bourgeois 334 erst kommt das Fressen, dann kommt die Moral = food comes first, then morality 335 Dreigroschenoper = Threepenny Opera 335 bagatelles pour un massacre = trifles for a massacre 335 esprit de sérieux = spirit of seriousness 336 Volksgemeinschaft = national community 360, 422 parcere subjectis = spare the subjects 440 les jours de notre mort = the days of our death 443 Volksnutzen = public benefit 451 homo homini lupus = a man is a wolf to another man 459 consensus iuris = law by consent 462 lumen naturale = natural light 462 ius naturale = natural law 464 Ordensburgen = schools for Nazi elite 471 homo faber = man the maker, or workingman 475
Hannah: repeat after Mark Twain: Keep your feelings where you can reach them with the [English] dictionary!
Ambiguous: p. 57: where she says, "turn of the 18th century" she means around 1800. p. 211: "Strange and curious lands attracted the best of England's youth since the end of the 19th century." She surely means much longer ago.
See also: /The Rise of the House of Rothschild/, Egon Cesar Conte Corti, 1927. /The Emergence of the Jewish Problem, 1878-1939/, James Parkes, 1946, chapters iv, vi. Gilbert Keith Chesterton: /The Crimes of England/, 1915; /The Return of Don Quixote/, 1927.
A Change Is Gonna Come: Music, Race & the Soul of America, Revised Edition 2006 (first edition 1998), Craig Werner, 469 pages, ISBN 9780472031474, DewA Change Is Gonna Come: Music, Race & the Soul of America, Revised Edition 2006 (first edition 1998), Craig Werner, 469 pages, ISBN 9780472031474, Dewey 780.8996073
Musical and political calls and responses in America, mid-twentieth through early 21st century. Blues realism, jazz vision, and the gospel sense of community. p. 313. "The music got there first and stayed well ahead of the political game." p. 339. "Music is a language more universal than politics." p. 347.
"September 11, 2001, changed the tone of life in the United States more drastically than any event of my lifetime." p. xi [Really? I'd list: * television's domination of news and entertainment, * the availability of the birth-control pill, * white flight to suburbs, ghettoization of cities (after Brown vs. Board), * the murders of John Kennedy, Martin Luther King, and other lifters (http://www.ellawheelerwilcox.org/poem... ), * the Vietnam War and its protests, * the moon landing, * Watergate and mistrust of government, leading to * the Reagan presidency, ending the 40-year governmental attempt to protect us from monopoly and oligopoly power, * the deindustrialization of America, movement of manufacturing to low-wage, low-environmental-protection, countries, * the replacement of countless Main Street businesses by Walmart, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart * the end of the fairness doctrine in broadcasting, the radio career of Rush Limbaugh, and the rise of Fox News, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC_f... * the advent of the World Wide Web, * Clinton's dismantling of welfare (p. 45) and multiplying the prison population, * the replacement of countless retail stores by amazon.com, * the increasing control of media, academia, and government by oligarchs (detailed in /Dark Money,/ 2016, Jane Mayer, https://www.goodreads.com/review/show... ), * the continuing world-population increase at a rate of 1 billion more people every 12 years https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=... , the more-than-tripling of the U.S. population, the quadrupling of the Hispanic fraction of U.S. population (remember, these are changes, not /all/ of them disasters https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/... ), * And musically, as Werner tells in the book: p. 32, the murder of Sam Cooke in 1964, and many other early deaths of musical pioneers, such as Otis Redding, 1967, pp. xvi, 94, ended promising music.]
"Music has registered the emotional texture of the changed world." p. xi.
1619: first slave ship arrives at Jamestown, Virginia. p. xiv.
We can never separate who we are from the people around us. Their fate is our own. p. xviii.
Gospel music gave the civil-rights marchers the strength to go on. p. 4. [There's a wonderful 2001 TV movie, "We Shall Not Be Moved," about the role of the African-American church in the civil-rights struggle, https://www.imdb.com/review/rw3030887/ ]
Motown had great instrumentalists, the Funk Brothers. pp. 20-21. [There's a terrific 2002 documentary about them, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0314725/ ]
LBJ speaks to Congress for the Voting Rights Act, March 1965: pp. 106-107. https://speakola.com/political/lyndon... Lyndon Johnson made civil rights a cornerstone of his Great Society agenda for the most unlikely of political reasons: he simply thought it was right. But. "The United States spent $500,000 to kill each enemy soldier, but only $35 a year to assist each American in poverty. The bombs of Vietnam explode at home. They destroy the hopes and possibilities of a decent America." --Martin Luther King. p. 108. MLK speaks against the Vietnam War, 1967: https://speakola.com/ideas/martin-lut... pp. 108-109. The liberal movement died in Vietnam.
In the early years of the Vietnam War, blacks suffered 23% of the casualties, despite being only 12% of the military force. p. 111. (/Long Shadows: Veterans' Paths to Peace,/ David Giffey, 2006, tells us that wounded whites were sent to the rear; wounded blacks were sent back out to fight. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8... )
John Coltrane, "Alabama," 1963: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu297... with images of the bombing that killed four little girls in the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham. p. 130.
Jazz is music that's never played the same way once. --Louis Armstrong. p. 132.
Play something the world's never heard and chances are, it won't hear it this time, either. p. 143.
The revolution never really happened, on TV or anywhere else. p. 173.
White flight, and flight of successful blacks, made American cities increasingly ghettoes. p. 185.
Paul Simon, accepting the 1975 best-album Grammy: "I'd like to thank Stevie Wonder for not making an album this year." p. 187.
More than half the students in Stevie Wonder's Detroit school district came from single-parent homes, in part because Michigan welfare rules denied economic assistance to households in which the father was present. p. 189.
Stevie Wonder once volunteered to judge a beauty contest. p. 189.
1978 marks a turning point in American racial history. Since then, every appeal for racial justice has been attacked for giving "special consideration" to "groups." The crucial debate on equal opportunity never really began. Carter's failure to focus attention on the serious questions raised by the concept of group opportunity ceded the moral high ground and the political majority to Ronald Reagan. The movement has never recovered. p. 196.
The attacks on disco gave respectable voice to the ugliest kinds of unacknowledged racism, sexism, and homophobia. After nearly a quarter century, white America had recovered its sense of self. p. 211.
In places like the South Bronx--and they were in every city--the gospel hopes and jazz visions of the sixties had faded away. What was left was a kind of blues you couldn't always distinguish from pure despair. The new world looked a lot like hell. By the time "The Message" started receiving airplay in 1982, black America was two years into the Reagan administration. The edge loomed close and it was a long long fall. p. 242.
When Reagan convinced us that empty nostalgia was preferable to grim realities, especially the realities of a black America sinking into profound social chaos and despair, we were in bad trouble. p. 245.
The Reagan Rules: pp. 248-249 *Reality is determined by image and anecdote. Reagan was master of transforming a single example, however far removed from any representative situation, into proof of a sweeping generality. When he was finished putting his spin on a situation, reality didn't get a hearing. A black woman who had been convicted of fraud in a case involving $8,000 was transformed into a "welfare queen" with a fleet of Cadillacs and a tax-free income of $150,000, proving that the poor were getting too much help. It sounded good; we bought it. *Too much money is never enough. The rich don't share. *Violence rules. People were sick of being pushed around by little countries like Vietnam and Iran and they were ready to prove they weren't going to take it anymore. */We/ deserve our success. /They/ deserve their failure. The homeless were sleeping on heat grates because that's what they wanted. AIDS was punishment for an immoral lifestyle. /We/ never got high or slept around.
Evil isn't out /there/. It's in /here/. You can't hide from yourself. p. 249.
White and black Americans in effect occupy different nations. p. 253. So says: 1835: /Democracy in America/, Alexis de Toqueville, 1944: /An American Dilemma/, Gunnar Myrdal, 1968: /Report … on Civil Disorders/, Kerner Commission https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerner_... 1992: /Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal/, Andrew Hacker
Nearly three times as many whites are murdered by blacks as blacks by whites. p. 255.
Americans elected Reagan in nostalgia for "a time when movies were in black and white and so was everything else." --Gil Scott-Heron. p. 258.
Measured by his actions, Bill Clinton may go down in history as the greatest Republican president of the twentieth century. p. 312.
While well over half of crack users were white, 90% of those convicted on crack-related offenses were black. p. 321. The leading cause of death among black men ages 15 to 24 was homicide. p. 322.
"It's been forty years since Sam Cooke promised that a change was gonna come. Change came and change is coming still. Our history's still being lived. What it will be is up to us. Holler if ya hear me. "Peace." --Craig Werner. p. 361.
There's a 29-page playlist, pp. 398-426, of songs mentioned in the text: over 1000 songs. Source notes, pp. 363-397: many books.
Errata: The book by James Ridgeway is /Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads and the Rise of a New White Culture/, 1996. p. 288....more
Alan Lomax: The Man Who Recorded the World, John Szwed (1936- ), 2010, 438pp., Dewey 781.620092
Alan Lomax (1915-2002) collected and recorded thousandsAlan Lomax: The Man Who Recorded the World, John Szwed (1936- ), 2010, 438pp., Dewey 781.620092
Alan Lomax (1915-2002) collected and recorded thousands of songs, dances, stories, folkways, all over the world. He discovered folk musicians who would otherwise have been unknown; he preserved and popularized their work. He was a musicologist, archivist, singer, musician, disk jockey, filmmaker, photographer, author of books, producer of dozens of radio, television, video, and concert programs and hundreds of recordings, and was the world's most famous folklorist. He was an anthropologist, political activist, lobbyist, and social theorist. pp. 388, 381-383, 371-372, 310.
Alan lived the life of collector, performer, and broadcaster at full tilt, whether or not he was making money. No one around him could match his pace, his conversation, the songs he knew, the hours he kept, his brashness. p. 296.
He never held an academic post nor a high government position. p. 388. He worked and lived on very little money, grants from foundations. When he had grant money, he would hire a staff of other experts in music, social science, and recording and filming. p. 383. "I have been really pioneering, doing advanced research without help of any fellowship or the support of any institution, making my way as a freelance, living mostly in cheap hotels and furnished rooms and working like a dog. There's been no time or energy left over, but someday I think you'll all be pleased with how things have turned out." p. 297.
Between 1940 and 1960, he was the single greatest force in bringing folk songs to American awareness. pp. 390-391.
See also /The Land where the Blues Began,/ Alan Lomax, 1993.
Factory Summers, Guy Delisle (1966- ), 2021, 152pp., ISBN 9781770464599
Summer job at a paper mill in Quebec City, early 1980s. Comic-book format. BlacFactory Summers, Guy Delisle (1966- ), 2021, 152pp., ISBN 9781770464599
Summer job at a paper mill in Quebec City, early 1980s. Comic-book format. Black, white, gray, and yellow.
We learn:
Why to stay in school. (Hope to qualify for some non-paper-mill job.)
How to move a massive roll of paper on hanging hooks without it penduluming back and forth. (As it swings to its farthest-forward position, quickly move the support hooks forward over the roll.)
Why logs are no longer floated downstream. (Waterways clog with bark.)
The drawings are good, showing the big machines. He reports the crude comments of his co-workers, which we could do without.
You don't have to act your age. You don't even have to feel it. xiii.
Getting old, I am delighted to report, is not a prescription for acting old. 15.
All my friends are getting plastic surgery. They ask me, "How do I look?" I say, "I don't know. Who are you?" 89
I won the After Six Award as "Broadway's best dressed star of the 1960-1961 season." Cary Grant, most dapper man on the planet, knocked on my dressing-room door and started going through my suits. "Best dressed star on Broadway? I'll see about that!" p. 75.
Best movie musical ever made, according to Dick Van Dyke: Singing in the Rain, 1952, Gene Kelly, Donald O'Connor, Debbie Reynolds.
The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity, David Graeber (1961-2020) and David Wengrow (1972- ), 2021, 692 pages, Dewey 901, ISBN 978037415735The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity, David Graeber (1961-2020) and David Wengrow (1972- ), 2021, 692 pages, Dewey 901, ISBN 9780374157357
The authors set out to write a history of inequality. They learned that there was never an original natural state of human society. People have been organizing themselves in a variety of political ways for 200,000 years. The current organization into states can't be thought of as inevitable.
Homo sapiens 200,000 BCE- p. 1.
No better way to get anthropologists denouncing each other than to mention Napoleon Chagnon. p. 16. (Chagnon said the Yanomami of Amazonia are violent, and that their case may indicate that so are we all. According to Steven Pinker, if not for Voltaire and police, academics would be actually stabbing each other in this debate.)
European missionaries to Native Americans in the 1600s struggled to translate concepts like "lord," "commandment," or "obedience" into indegenous languages. p. 44.
Native Americans said, Europeans wouldn't need to coerce each other to behave well, if not for their system of money and property rights, that encourages them to behave badly. p. 54.
The political "right" and "left" originally referred to seating positions of aristocratic and popular factions in the French National Assembly of 1789. p. 69. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natio...
A few powerful people are wrecking the world. How'd that happen? p. 76.
Egalitarianism can exist only if there's no possibility of accumulating any sort of surplus.--anthropologist James Woodburn p. 128. https://www.goodreads.com/author/show...
Americans are free from having to obey the arbitrary orders of superiors--unless, of course, they have to get a job. p. 131.
When someone else's purpose in life is to interfere with you, he must be stopped, lest you become his slave, his pet. --an indigenous Californian, 1800s. p. 203.
We make our own history, but not under conditions of our own choosing. --Karl Marx. p. 206.
Çatalhöyük, Turkey, was first settled c. 7400 BCE. 13 hectares (32 acres, .05 sq mi, .13 sq km), 5,000 population. (100,000/sq mi, 156/acre). p. 212. https://www.google.com/maps/place/K%C... Practised flood-retreat farming. p. 235.
Harvesting wild plants and turning them into food, medicine and complex structures like baskets or clothing is almost everywhere a female activity. p. 237.
Settlements inhabited by tens of thousands of people make their first appearance in human history around 6000 years ago, on almost every continent, at first in isolation. p. 283. The largest early cities were in Mesoamerica. p. 285. Teotihuacan reached 100,000 largely of refugees of volcanic and seismic disasters, 100 BCE to 600 CE. pp. 286, 329, 336, 341-344. River floodplains settled in their courses, and sea level stabilized, around 7,000 years ago.
Ukrainian and Moldovan cities of over 1,000 500-square-foot houses, in a 750-acre built area, were inhabited 4100 - 3300 BCE. pp. 290-291. No evidence of social stratification.
From around 2800 BCE onward, monarchy starts popping up everywhere. p. 298.
Uruk is the first city for which we have extensive written records. p. 306.
Aristocracies, and maybe monarchy, first arose in opposition to the egalitarian cities of the Mesopotamian plains. Compare Alaric vs. Rome, Genghis Khan vs. Samarkand, Timur vs. Delhi. p. 313. Argives vs. Troy, Attila vs. Europe p. 445, Vikings vs. Europe, whoever brought the war chariot there vs. India. p. 311. [Let's continue the list: British East India Company vs. India. British Petroleum vs. Mosaddegh. Chiquita vs. Árbenz. Michelin vs. Vietnam. Allen Dulles vs. JFK. Kennecott Copper vs. Allende. Al-Qaeda vs. US. Putin vs. Ukraine.]
At Taosi, China, 2000 BCE, aristocracy was apparently overthrown; the city then increased in size over the next 200-300 years. pp. 325-326.
At least 100,000 people lived in Teotihuacan, which covered 8 square miles, 100 BCE to 600 CE. pp. 286, 329, 336, 341-344. No overlords nor kings.
Cortés in 1519 found no kings in Tlaxcala, a city of 150,000. p. 348. Governed by consensus of a city council. p. 353.
Elections often choose charismatic leaders with tyrannical pretensions. p. 356.
Control of violence, control of information, and individual charisma are the three possible bases of social power. p. 365.
As late as the 1780s, as Max Weber liked to point out, Frederick the Great of Prussia found that his repeated efforts to free the country's serfs came to nothing because bureaucrats would simply ignore the decrees or, if challenged by his legates, insisted the words of the decree should be interpreted as saying the exact opposite of what was obviously intended. p. 394.
People have an unfortunate tendency to see the successful prosecution of arbitrary violence as in some sense divine. p. 395.
Three freedoms: to relocate, to disobey, to make and break social alliances. p. 426, 503.
Minoan Crete, 1700-1450 BCE. No evidence of monarchy. Female political rule. Palaces unfortified. [The eruption of Thera (Santorini) has been estimated at around 1642 BCE, from Greenland ice cores.] Linear A writing hasn't been deciphered. p. 434-438. Greek mainland: walled citadels 1400 BCE, soon overtook Crete. p. 436. Linear B is Greek. p. 437.
3000 BCE - 1600 CE: miserable for farmers, great for barbarians. --James C. Scott. p. 445.
Karl Jaspers' "Axial Age," 800-201 BCE, Greek/Indian/Chinese philosophy appears in the wake of coinage. p. 450. Also the spread of chattel slavery. Which then declined as axial empires dissolved.
Cahokia, Illinois, 1050-1350 CE. City of 15,000, 6 square miles. Ritual mass killings and burials. Entire area abandoned. pp. 452, 465, 481-482.
Hopewell Interaction Sphere, 100 BCE to 500 CE, network tying nearly all parts of North America together, centered near Chillicothe, Ohio. p. 457.
Osage Missouri River trading empire, 1678-1803. p.476.
To get a sense of a society's values, see what they consider the worst behavior. For the Haudenosaunee (League Iroquois: Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Mohawk), giving orders is almost as bad as cannibalism. pp. 483, 485.
1230 - 1375, Iroquois began to give up seasonal mobility, settle in palisaded towns of up to 2,000. p. 487.
Patriarchic rule may have originated as orphans, widows, and others in need relied on the hospitality of the chief. pp. 520-521.
Societies lacking both slavery and war were common outside the Eurasian Iron Age. p. 523. [1300 BCE, Caucasus foothills, Hittites first used iron weapons, so says Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology of the World, p. 43. "Iron has been discovered for the evil of mankind." --Lichas the Lacedemonian, quoted in Herodotus' History, Volume 1.]
New truths replace old when old theorists die. --Max Planck. p. 525.
Charles Todd, Watchers of Time, Inspector Ian Rutledge #5, 2001.
To orient the story in time and place:
1916 Captain Ian Rutledge put Corporal Hamish McCharles Todd, Watchers of Time, Inspector Ian Rutledge #5, 2001.
To orient the story in time and place:
1916 Captain Ian Rutledge put Corporal Hamish McLeod to death for refusing an order to lead more men to their deaths, on the Somme. 1918.11.11 WWI ended 1919.02 Shell-shocked WWI survivor Rutledge's fiancee, Jean, ended their engagement. 1919.06 Rutledge returned to work at (New) Scotland Yard after recuperating from WWI. https://www.google.com/maps/place/51%... 1919.09 Inspector Rutledge sustained an injury in Scotland toward the end of book #4.
"What a dreary place. Enough to turn anybody into a murderer, living here long enough." (90%, chapter 27.)
Herbert Baker, coachman, dies of natural causes, age 64. Sons and daughter: Martin, Dick, Ellen. 1919.10.02 Murder. 1919.10 Rutledge. London and Norfolk.
The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve, Peter Conti-Brown, 2016, 347pp, ISBN 9780691164007. Library-of-Congress HG.2563.C596.2016 College LThe Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve, Peter Conti-Brown, 2016, 347pp, ISBN 9780691164007. Library-of-Congress HG.2563.C596.2016 College Library. Dewey 332.110973
A glimpse behind the curtain of an institution of power, secrecy, and proximity to private bankers in New York. pp. 203, 256, 262.
"If the people will keep their money in the banks everything will be all right." --J. Pierpont Morgan, 1907. p. 17.
"Will one of you gentlemen tell me in what civilized country of the earth there are important government boards of control on which private interests are represented?" --Woodrow Wilson, 1913. p. 21.
"Hard work means more production, but thrift and economy mean less consumption. Now reconcile those forces, will you?" --Marriner S. Eccles, 1932. p. 26.
"The airline safety board shouldn't be in charge of protecting the financial viability of the airlines." --Larry Summers, 2010. p. 243.
"It is impossible to buy a toaster that has a one-in-five chance of bursting into flames and burning down your house. But it is possible to refinance an existing home with a mortgage that has a one-in-five chance of putting the family out on the street." --Elizabeth Warren, 2007. p. 243. https://democracyjournal.org/magazine...
Interest rates climbed above 22% in 1981 and came permanently below 10% only in 1984, causing a recession, millions of jobs lost, businesses closed, ending inflation. p. 55. The author considers this way of ending inflation a "success" of Paul Volcker. p. 137. Volcker reduced the money supply, as Milton Friedman wanted. p. 234.
The Fed has bailed out "too-big-to-fail" banks since 1984. p. 57.
"Since I've become a central banker, I've learned to mumble with great incoherence. If I seem unduly clear to you, you must have misunderstood what I said." --Alan Greenspan, 1987. pp. 61-62.
Alan Greenspan was a devotee of Ayn Rand. p. 63. "By the time I joined Nixon's campaign in 1968, I had long since decided to advance free-market capitalism as an insider." p. 64.
The benefits of risk taking in the market were for the participants; the costs were for the public. p. 67.
Paul Krugman was excluded for 10 years from the Fed's annual conference because of his criticisms of Alan Greenspan. p. 92.
The banks that join the Federal Reserve System must buy stock in the Reserve Banks, and receive a dividend set by statute at 6%. p. 104.
Obama failed to appoint three of the seven Fed governors--leaving private bankers' representatives with a five-to-four majority on the Open Market Committee. And he didn't appoint a vice chair for bank supervision. pp. 116-117, 247-251, 256. Biden is doing it too: https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/wh...
Reserve Bank presidents make federal policy without conforming to the constitutional requirements of presidential appointment and Senate confirmation. pp. 117-118, 255-256.
Federal courts refuse to hear challenges to the constitutionality of the Fed, "out of respect for Congress." p. 119. Courts refuse to review even those Fed decisions based on "novel interpretations of law." p. 253. Bankers' political power has thwarted congressional attempts to reduce their authority. pp. 123-125.
Economics exams' questions don't change, but the answers do. p. 129.
To raise the interest rate banks charge each other for overnight loans, the Fed sells short-term government debt, at the market price. To lower interest rates, the Fed buys short-term government debt, at the market price: pp. 131-134. By affecting the availability of money, the Fed changes the price of money. This interest rate is called the "federal funds rate." You'd think these are mostly money-losing transactions that add to the public debt. However, the Fed says it earned a net $88 billion in 2020 in interest on debt it held, most of which it transferred to the U.S. Treasury. p. 207 & https://www.federalreserve.gov/public... Table G.9. Senator Rand Paul in 2015 claimed, nonsensically, that the Fed was nearly bankrupt. p. 263.
The Fed creates from nothing the money it loans. p. 207.
The U.S. dollar has been a fiat currency since 1973. p. 210. Although the Constitution gives Congress power over money creation, few members found the details interesting enough to learn about the process. p. 215.
The Fed lends directly to banks at an interest rate called the "discount rate." p. 134. The Fed loaned $1.6 trillion in 2008. https://www.federalreserve.gov/public...
The Fed sets banks' "reserve requirements:" how much cash the bank must keep on hand: as of 2012, the largest banks had to keep 10% of "assets" in cash (smaller banks less). pp. 134-135. It's to meet these requirements that banks borrow money from each other over night. https://www.federalreserve.gov/public... As of 2020, the reserve requirements are zero: https://www.federalreserve.gov/public... (Table G.3)
In January 2009 we were in a recession, yet the Fed had lowered the interest on short-term debt so near to zero that there was no reason to lend; no reason not to borrow--yet it didn't help. Still, 20-year and 30-year debt was getting about 3% interest. The Fed bought that debt too, to reduce long-term interest rates: in March 2009, it held nearly $2 trillion of it: still recession. The Fed bought mortgage-backed securities. By October 2014 it held nearly $5 trillion of debt (up from 0.8 trillion in 2008, still 4.6 trillion as of the writing of this book in 2016). This was called, "quantitative easing." pp. 140-145. The Fed had promised it would continue its free-money policy until inflation rose or unemployment came down. This promise was called, "forward guidance." pp. 143, 235.
[The book says not a word about it, but, though consumer savings-account interest went to and stayed at essentially zero, credit-card interest rates stayed up at usurious rates. Rents stayed high. Market-dominating corporations sat on and still sit on semi-infinite piles of cash, with no need to part with any of it; small businesses close, unable to compete with the gorilla. When the housing bubble burst, financial institutions that claimed to own mortgages, called the sheriff to put borrowers out of their homes, then tried in vain to sell those houses at much lower prices at lower interest rates. The original borrowers were never offered to refinance at the now-market price and the now-market interest rate. The jobs that eventually came back were worse jobs, at lower pay. https://www.federalreserve.gov/public... Funny how flooding big banks with public money didn't fix any of that. What banker would've proposed limiting mortgage debt to the now-current market value of the house, at the now-current interest rate? (That's all the bank can hope to recover after foreclosing.) Or, requiring a financial institution to prove it owns the mortgage, before foreclosing? What banker would propose a remedy other than giving banks money?]
A bank's "assets" include the loans it is owed by homeowners; its "liabilities" include the deposits that savers can demand at any time. p. 152.
The Fed and the Bush & Obama administrations picked winners and losers in the financial markets, in and after 2008. p. 157.
By 1932, 25% of all U.S. banks had failed. p. 160.
The Fed is supposed to examine banks and ensure their compliance with laws and regulations. In fact, a Fed bank-supervisor who doesn't act as the private bank's lap dog, is fired. pp. 164-170. The Fed failed to police the risky mortgage-backed-securities trading that led to the 2008 crisis. p. 228.
New York Fed president William Dudley was a managing director at Goldman Sachs for more than 20 years. p. 228. "The line between paying attention and taking direction is hard to draw." pp. 230, 256.
Clinton cut government spending at Greenspan's instructions. pp. 195-197.
The Fed releases transcripts of its meetings--/five years later/! p. 205. It gives /minutes/, with limited information, 3 weeks after the meetings. p. 231.
The market can stay irrational longer than you can stay solvent. p. 221. A banker lends an umbrella when it's sunny, and demands it back at sight of rain. p. 223. In 1998, hedge fund Long Term Capital Management made bad bets, threatening to collapse the financial system. New York Fed president William McDonough persuaded banks and brokers to lend LTCM money. pp. 220-224.
The total value of all the contracts in the global derivatives market in June 2007 was $516 trillion. Global GDP that year was about $50 trillion. Contracts were scrawled on scraps of paper by traders talking over the phone. What could go wrong? Then-New-York-Fed-president Timothy Geithner rounded the major traders up and persuaded them to upgrade to electronic trading. pp. 224-225. The 2008 crisis would've otherwise been worse. p. 229.
If the Taylor Rule is the best policy, don't amend the Federal Reserve Act; appoint John Taylor to the Open Market Committee. p. 265. (John B. Taylor, /Getting off Track/, 2009. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6... )
God's equation : Einstein, relativity, and the expanding universe Amir D. Aczel, 1999 236 pp. ISBN 1568581378 Library-of-Congress QB981 A35 1999 worldcatGod's equation : Einstein, relativity, and the expanding universe Amir D. Aczel, 1999 236 pp. ISBN 1568581378 Library-of-Congress QB981 A35 1999 worldcat: https://www.worldcat.org/title/gods-e... https://search.library.wisc.edu/catal...
If the universe was much smaller 10 billion years ago, why didn't photons emitted then from quasars reach the edge of the then-much-smaller universe long ago? How did they keep coming all this time, and reach us only now? This book has a partial answer:
We observe light that left its galaxy seven billion years ago. When the light left its source, the galaxy that emitted it was actually about five billion light years from us. When its light arrives here, that same galaxy is at a distance of about twelve billion light years from us. [The distance increased about 7 billion light years in 7 billion years: the distance has been increasing at about the speed of light. How, then, did the light arrive at all? The book doesn't say.] The redshift we see is due to the stretching of space during the 7 billion years the photons were in flight. p. 8.
The most distant object yet seen is a galaxy 13 billion light years away, receding at .956 the speed of light. p. xiii.
Galaxies whose light has travelled 7 billion years to reach us are receding at about .5c (c = speed of light) pp. 5-6. Closer galaxies are receding /faster/. This means the rate of expansion is accelerating. p. 7. But wait. p. xiii says a 13-billion-light-year-distant galaxy recedes at .956c . Moreover, this is the opposite of the Hubble observation that recession speed is proportional to distance: the evidence of an expanding universe. The book doesn't address the disconnect.
The universe has perhaps 20% of the mass density it would need to stop universal expansion. pp. xiii, 11.
The brightest type of supernova brightens for about 18 days, then fades over the following month. p. 6.
Einstein looked for a way to describe gravitation that would: Make Newton's laws the same under acceleration as in a gravitational field. p. 32. Redshift light in a gravitational field. p. 32. Deflect light in a gravitational field. p. 34.
A circle spinning in its plane about its center experiences length-foreshortening of its circumference, by special relativity; its diameter is unchanged. Circumference < pi*diameter. Space is non-Euclidean. p. 59.
Einstein's equation describing gravitational curvature of spacetime: where: g_mu,nu is Riemann metric tensor: distance in curved space T is energy-momentum tensor R is Ricci curved-spacetime tensor G is Newton's gravitational constant: R_mu,nu - 1/2 g_mu,nu*R = - 8 pi G T_mu,nu p. 117.
The book is mostly nontechnical biography of Einstein and some of his colleagues. The equations are inadequately explained.
The author had a Ph.D. in statistics. He wasn't a physicist. He claims to understand general relativity, but this book isn't really an attempt to explain it.
Proof that sqrt(2) is irrational: If rational, then there are integers a, b, with no common factor, where a^2 = 2*b^2. If a is odd, a^2 is odd: but 2*b^2 is even. So a can't be odd. If a is even, then for some c, a = 2*c; 4*c^2 = 2*b^2; b^2 = 2*c^2. So b is even: a and b have the common factor 2. So there are /no/ a, b with no common factor whose ratio is sqrt(2). Quod erat demonstrandum. p. 49.
ERRATA P. 144 gives (Newtonian) element of distance as ds^2 = dr^2 - r^2 dTheta^2 Surely he means /plus/.
"On a sphere, there are no nonintersecting lines." p. 51. Sure there are: parallels of latitude, for example. Or small circles generally. There are no nonintersecting pairs of great circles.
Hermann Minkowski lived 1864-1909, not 1909-1964 as on p. 18....more
Although written in a "here's what we're gonna do" tone, the book is an attempt to understand the political life of the less-developed countries. p. xxix.
As of 1978, "the coup d'etat is now the normal mode of political change in most member states of the United Nations." p. xxxiii. 1963-1978, there have been some 120 military coups. p. xxxv. Since 1776, governments have been overthrown at an increasing pace. p. 5. 1946-2010, there were 616 coup attempts: 299 succeeded, 317 failed. p. 253. There were 60+ coup attempts per year from about 1967-1982; 30+ coup attempts per year 1960-2006; 24+ coup attempts per year, 1950-2010. p. 256.
Use at your own risk: "a heavily annotated and blood-spattered copy of the French edition of this book was found" near the body of one unsuccessful plotter. p. xxii.
Two generations after independence, African countries are indeed democratizing; genuine political communities are emerging. But: Post-colonial new African leaders were given control over the army, police, tax collectors and administrators who had worked for the colonial government. p. xxiv. Lack of political community left the populace passive, and the new leaders unconstrained by any rule of law. Idi Amin's brutalities briefly attracted Western attention; other autocrats quietly plundered and repressed. p. xxvi-xxvii.
The cultural hegemony of Islam seems to be an insurmountable obstacle to democratic governance. God Himself has already given the law in its entirety in the Qur'an, which none may debate nor dispute: legislators can do only harm, as by permitting choice of religion, women's equality, or wine. pp. xxii, xxvii-xxviii, 151-153.
A successful coup uses the /threat/ of violence to oust one set of rulers and install another set. But actually /using/ much violence makes success unlikely, rather plunges the country into civil war. pp. xv-xvi, 168.
For there to be sufficient incentive to justify the risks of a coup, large-scale corruption opportunities must exist, for the would-be new rulers to milk the country and become billionaires. p. xvi.
A coup requires that the armed forces, bureaucracy, and police not be personally loyal to the current dictator. p. 2. The generals who tried in April 1961 to overthrow Charles de Gaulle failed to appreciate de Gaulle's popularity with the French people, labor unions, and political parties. pp. 116-119.
For your coup to succeed, you need resources enough to neutralize every effective center of power. The young officers who staged the January 1966 coup in Nigeria succeeded in killing the prime minister in the federal capital, and the boss of the Northern Region who dominated most of the country. But they were overextended, so the senior army officer, acting with the police and bureaucracy, staged a counter-coup and seized power on his own account. pp. 48-49.
Strong regional forces may make a coup impossible. There's never been a coup in Lebanon: Shi'a, Maronite Christian, Sunni Muslim, and Druze blocs are all mutually hostile, but no one group can dominate--not even Hezbollah, now strongest by far (sustained by Iran. p. 84). Any coup would likely capture only Beirut, the other groups seizing power in their own areas. pp. 49-51.
If Wall Street controlled the United States--the president and Congress acting as its stooges--then power could not be seized in Washington. p. 51.
[image]
Hitler rose to power politically, not by the power of the brownshirts. p. 55. Hitler is a popular figure with Arabs. p. 85.
As of 2015, India, Kenya, Mali, Myanmar, Pakistan, and China are all experiencing violent conflicts with separatist elements. p. 48.
If a country wants to acquire jet fighters, it has to be reasonably friendly with one of six countries: Sweden, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, China, or Russia. p. 31. The initial purchase is followed by years of dependence.
As of 2015, the U.S. has 1.4 million personnel in military uniform. p. 58. And at least 21 intelligence agencies, enumerated pp. 60-62. "That more /is/ less when it comes to intelligence will no doubt be recognized some day."
It's important to control or disable radio and TV stations, phone relays and exchanges, to silence our enemies and cement our control. pp. xv, 131-136, 174, 195. We'll take over the principal broadcasting station, and co-opt technicians to sabotage the others. "We're in control. There is no longer any resistance. Law and order have been restored." pp. 196-198.
Few things grow as easily as state bureaucracies. p. xxiv.
The best investment of taxpayer money ever was Britain's government buying 50% of British Petroleum (Anglo-Persian, then Anglo-Iranian Oil Company). p. 43.
Detailed account of earnest research into the case of a woman in the 1930s who experienced many (view spoiler)[fake (hide spoiler)] paranormal phenomeDetailed account of earnest research into the case of a woman in the 1930s who experienced many (view spoiler)[fake (hide spoiler)] paranormal phenomena....more
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