Yangi ayol
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Yangi ayollar - bu 19-asrning oxirida paydo bo'lgan va 20-asrga qadar chuqur ta'sir ko'rsatgan feministik ideal. 1894-yilda yozuvchi Sara Grand (1854-1943) "yangi ayol" atamasini ta’sirli maqolada tub o‘zgarishlarni qidirayotgan mustaqil ayollarga murojaat qilish uchun ishlatgan. Ingliz yozuvchisi Ouida (Maria Louisa Ramé) javob sifatida ushbu so'zni keyingi maqolaning nomi sifatida ishlatdi. [1] [2] Ushbu atama ingliz-amerikalik yozuvchi Genri Jeyms tomonidan ham keng ommalashtirilgan va uni Yevropa va Qo'shma Shtatlarda feminist, ta'lim olgan, mustaqil karyerasi mavjud bo'lgan ayollarining soni o'sishini tasvirlash uchun ishlatgan. [3] Yangi ayol erkaklar hukmronlik qiladigan jamiyat qo'ygan chegaralarni buzdi. Mustaqillik shunchaki ong masalasi emas edi; u shuningdek, faoliyat va kiyim-kechakda jismoniy o'zgarishlarni o'z ichiga olardi, chunki velosiped haydovchisi kabi faoliyat turi ayollarning kengroq, faol dunyo bilan shug'ullanish qobiliyatini kengaytirardi. [4]
Ijtimoiy rollarning o'zgarishi
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Yozuvchi Genri Jeyms "Yangi ayol" iborasini ommalashtirgan mualliflar orasida bo'lgan, u o'z romandlarining qahramonlarida suratga olingan shaxs edi - shu jumladan, romanning bosh xarakteri Daisy Miller (1878-yil seriallashtirilgan) va Isabel Archer Portrait of a Lady (1880-81-yil seriallashtirilgan) .Tarixchi Rut Bordinning aytishicha, Yangi ayol degan ibora quyidagicha bo'lgan:
Jeyms tomonidan Yevropada yashovchi amerikalik muhojirlarni tavsiflash uchun mo'ljallangan: boyligiga qaramay mustaqillikni namoyon etgan va o'z-o'zidan harakat qilishga odatlangan aqlli va sezgir ayollar. "Yangi ayol" atamasi har doim shaxsiy, ijtimoiy yoki iqtisodiy bo'lsin, o'z hayotini nazorat qilgan ayollarni nazarda tutgan.
"Yangi ayol" esa "Yangi xotin" romanining muallifi Ella Hepworth Dikson tomonidan berilgan dastlabki nom edi.[5]
Maktabdan keyingi ta'lim va kasb-hunar ta'limi
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Garchi "Yangi ayol" jamiyat a’zosi va ishchi kuchi sifatida hayotning faol ishtirokchisiga aylanayotgan bo‘lsa-da, u ko‘pincha adabiyot, teatr va boshqa badiiy tasvirlarda uy va xususiy sohalarda o‘z avtonomiyasini amalga oshirayotgani tasvirlangan. XIX asrda ayollarning demokratik huquqlarini qo‘lga kiritish uchun sufragetlar harakati Yangi ayolga eng muhim ta’sir ko‘rsatdi.G‘arb mamlakatlari ko‘proq shaharlashgan va sanoatlashganligi sababli ayollarning ta’lim olish va ish bilan ta’minlash imkoniyatlari oshdi. "Pushti yoqali" ishchi kuchi ayollarni biznes va institutsional sohada qo‘llab-quvvatladi. 1870-yilda kasbdagi ayollar Qo‘shma Shtatlardagi qishloq xo‘jaligidan tashqari ishchi kuchining atigi 6,4 foizini tashkil etdi; 1910-yilga kelib bu ko‘rsatkich 10 foizga, 1920-yilda esa 13,3 foizga ko‘tarildi.Ko‘proq ayollar universitet yoki kollejga kirish huquqini qo‘lga kiritdilar. Ba’zilari professional ta’lim olishdi va advokat, shifokor, jurnalist va professor bo‘lishdi, ko‘pincha "Yetti opa-singil" maktablari kabi nufuzli ayollar kollejlarida: Barnard, Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Radcliffe, Smith, Vassar va Wellesley. Qo‘shma Shtatlardagi yangi ayol 20-asr boshlariga kelib o‘rta maktabdan keyingi ta’limda ko‘proq ishtirok etdi.[6]
19-asr oxirida muxtoriyat, ayollar uchun radikal maqsad edi. Tarixan ayollar har doim qonuniy va iqtisodiy jihatdan o‘z erlariga, erkak qarindoshlariga yoki ijtimoiy va xayriya muassasalariga qaram bo‘lgan. 19-asr oxirida ayollar uchun ta’lim va martaba imkoniyatlarining paydo bo‘lishi, shuningdek, mulkka bo‘lgan yangi qonuniy huquqlar (garchi hali ovoz berish bo‘lmasa-da), ular er-xotin va jinsiy sheriklar haqida gap ketganda erkinlik va tanlovning yangi pozitsiyasiga qadam qo‘yishlarini anglatardi.Yangi ayol o‘zining jinsiy mustaqilligiga katta ahamiyat berardi, ammo buni amalga oshirish qiyin edi, chunki jamiyat hali ham ayollarning har qanday belgisini qattiq qoraladi. Viktoriya davridagi ayollar uchun nikohdan tashqari har qanday jinsiy faoliyat axloqsizlik deb hisoblangan. 19-asr oxiridagi ajralish to‘g‘risidagi qonunlardagi o‘zgarishlar iqtisodiy mustaqilligi saqlanib qolgan holda ajralishdan omon qolishi mumkin bo‘lgan Yangi Ayolni keltirib chiqardi va ajrashgan ayollarning soni ortib bordi.Ko‘pchilik tomonidan axloqsiz deb hisoblangan qonuniy huquqlardan foydalanishda ijtimoiy hurmatni saqlab qolish Yangi Ayol uchun qiyin edi.
Genri Jeyms romanlarida uning qahramonlari o'zlarining intellektual va jinsiy avtonomiyasini amalga oshirish uchun qanchalik harakat qilishlariga qaramay, ular oxir-oqibat o'z tanlovlari uchun narxni to'lashlari kerak edi.
Sinflar farqlari
"Yangi ayol" jamiyatning imtiyozli yuqori sinflariga tegishli bo'lgan ayollar uchun o'rta maktabdan keyingi ta'lim, professional ta'lim va ish o'rniga hurmatning oshgani natijasida paydo bo'ldi. XX asrning boshida universitet ta'limi hali ham erkaklar uchun boylik belgisi edi va o'sha davrda AQShda 10 foizdan kam kishi o'rta maktabdan keyingi ta'lim olgan.
Universitetga kiruvchi ayollar odatda oq suyak o'rta sinfga tegishli edi. Natijada ishchi tabaqa, Turli rangdagi odamlar va immigrantlar ko'pincha ushbu yangi feminist modelga erishish uchun kurashishda orqada qolishgan. Ushbu chetga qolgan jamiyatlarga tegishli bo'lgan ayol yozuvchilar ko'pincha o'zlarining jinslari bo'yicha erishilgan erkinligi ularning irqi, etnik yoki sinf(tabaqa) xarajatlariga aylanganini tanqid qilishdi. Ular Yangi ayolni mustaqil deb tan olishgan va hurmat qilishgan bo'lsa-da, ammo ular Progressiv davrning Yangi ayolni tan olish standartlari faqat oq tanli o'rta aristokrat sinf ayollar tomonidan erishilishi mumkinligini e'tiborsiz qoldira olishmadi.[7]
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Velosiped turli sohalardagi ayollarning hayotiga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatdi, [8] [9] [10] Victoria davridagi kiyim-kechak islohotlari sohasida, shuningdek "ratsional kiyim harakati" deb ham tanilgan. Ayollar ijtimoiy roli uchun eng katta ta'sir 1890-yillarda Amerika va Yevropa jamiyatini qamrab olgan velosiped g'ayrati paytida bo'lgan. [11] Velosiped ayollar uchun ijtimoiy harakatlanishning katta imkonni berdi. [10][12] Feminist Annie Londonderry o'sha o'n yil ichida butun dunyo bo'ylab velosiped sayohatini amalga oshirdi va buni qilgan birinchi ayol bo'ldi.[13][14][15] Meri Vollstonecraft tarjimai holi bilan yozish faoliyatini boshlagan Elizabeth Robins Pennell, o'n to'qqizinchi asr oxirida Angliya va Yevropada sayohat yozuvchilari bilan velosiped turini boshladi. [16]AQSh velosiped kompaniyalari tomonidan taklif etiladigan narx va turli to'lov rejalari tufayli, velosiped sotib olish ko'pchilik uchun arzon edi. [10] Biroq, velosiped eng ko'p yuqori va o'rta sinf oq tanli ayollarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. [10] Bu ularning jamiyatdagi rolini xususiy yoki uyda g'amxo'rlik qiluvchi, xotin va ona sifatida qolishdan jamoatchilikka ko'proq ko'rinishga va jamiyatga jalb etiilishiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. [10][17]
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Charlz Konder1888 yilgi rasmida "Mentonda bayram"da"Tavush"O'qiyotgan ayol tasvirlangan. Bu yerda jinsiy bo'yicha alohida joylashtirish joylari mavjud.
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Violet O'kli,Lotus kutubxonalitografiyasi (1896)
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Elizabeth Shippen Green"Safar,"Josephine Preston Peabodining "Kichik o'tmish" nomli kitobini o'qib, uning illustreatsiyasiga, u bolalik tajribalarini bola nuqtai nazaridan hikoya qiladi.
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Elizabeth Shippen Green, Hayot sevgi va xursandchilik uchun yaratilgan (1904), Greyn,Jessie Villkox Smit, Violet O'klli boshqalarni tasvirlaydigan rasmlarni qiladi.
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Roza O'Neyl"Nishonchalar", 1904 yildaPuckuchun karikatura. Ethel: "U shunday yo'l bilan harakat qiladi. U menga mehribonlik bilan qaraydi, erkaklar uning yonida bo'lganimda uyaladi, erkaklar uni beparvo qilganimda og'irlashadi. Endi, bu nimani anglatadi?" Uning onasi: "U juda yaxshi aktyor ekanligi, Ethel".
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Jennie Augusta Brownscombe, Plymouthda birinchi shukronalar kuni, 1914, Pilgrim Hall muzeyi, Plymut, MassachusetsPlymouth, Massachusets
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Jessie Uilkox Smit, Heidi, 1922 yil
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Manbalar
- "Yangi ayol o'quvchi", nashr. Carolyn Christensen Nelson (Broadview Press: 2000) ( ) (Sydney Grundyning 1894 yilgi satirik komediyasi matnini o'z ichiga oladi, aslida The New Woman nomli) ISBN 1-55111-295-7
- Marta H. Paterson: Gibson qizidan tashqari: Amerikaning yangi xotini qayta tasavvur qilish, 1895-1915 (Illinoys universiteti nashriyot: 2005) ( ) ISBN 0-252-03017-6
- Sheyla Rowbotham: Ayollar asr. Britaniya va Qo'shma Shtatlar ayollarining tarixi (Penguin Books: 1999) ( ), 1-3 boblar.ISBN 0-14-027902-4
- Patterson, Marta H. Amerikalik yangi ayol qayta ko'rib chiqildi (Yangi Brunsvik: Rutgers universitet nashriyoti, 2008) ( ) ISBN 0813542960
- Molony, Barbara. Gender in Modern East Asia. Avalon Publishing, 2016. ISBN 978-0-8133-4875-9. OCLC 947808181.
- Wolf, Margery. Women in Chinese Society. Stanford University Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-8047-0874-6. OCLC 1529107.
- Choi, Hyaeweol. New Women in Colonial Korea: A Sourcebook. Routledge, 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-51709-6.
- Wong, Aida Yuen. Visualizing Beauty: Gender and Ideology in Modern East Asia. Hong Kong University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-988-8083-89-3.
Bibliografiya/o'quv
- (IT) Lambruschini, Debora. “La New Woman nella letteratura vittoriana” flower-ed (2017) ISBN 978-88-85628-15-1, ebook: ISBN 978-88-85628-14-4.
- Chien, Ying-Ying (January 1994). "Revisioning 'new women'". Women's Studies International Forum 17 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(94)90005-1.
- Chin, Carol C. (November 2006). "Translating the New Woman: Chinese Feminists View the West, 1905–15". Gender & History 18 (3): 490–518. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2006.00453.x.
- Feuerwerker, Yi-Tsi. "Women as Writers in the 1920's and 1930's." In Women in Chinese society, edited by Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke, 143-168. California: Stanford University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-8047-0874-6ISBN 0-8047-0874-6. OCLC 1529107OCLC 1529107.
- Ying, Hu (2001). "Naming the First New Woman". Nan Nü 3 (2): 196–231. doi:10.1163/156852601100402270. PMID 19484896.
- Hubbard, Joshua A. (16 December 2014). "Queering the New Woman: Ideals of Modern Femininity in The Ladies' Journal, 1915–1931". Nan Nü 16 (2): 341–362. doi:10.1163/15685268-00162p05.
- Molony, Barbara, Janet M. Theiss, and Hyaeweol Choi. "New Women in the Interwar Period." Gender In Modern East Asia: An Integrated History, 224-268. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, a member of the Perseus Book Group, 2016. ISBN 978-0-8133-4875-9ISBN 978-0-8133-4875-9. OCLC 947808181OCLC 947808181.
- Molony, Barbara, Janet M. Theiss, and Hyaeweol Choi. "Nationalism and Feminism in the Interwar Period." In Gender In Modern East Asia: An Integrated History, 179-223. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, a member of the Perseus Book Group, 2016. ISBN 978-0-8133-4875-9ISBN 978-0-8133-4875-9. OCLC 947808181OCLC 947808181.
- Wolf, Margery. "Women and Suicide in China." In Women in Chinese Society, edited by Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke, 111-141. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-8047-0874-6ISBN 0-8047-0874-6. OCLC 1529107OCLC 1529107.
- Yang, Shu (20 February 2016). "I Am Nora, Hear Me Roar: The Rehabilitation of the Shrew in Modern Chinese Theater". Nan Nü 18 (2): 291–325. doi:10.1163/15685268-00182p04.
- ↑ See Sally Ledger, 'The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the Fin de Siecle', Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.
- ↑ „Daughters of decadence: the New Woman in the Victorian fin de siècle“. The British Library. 2020-yil 26-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 5-iyun.
- ↑ Stevens, Hugh. Henry James and Sexuality. Cambridge University Press, 2008 — 27 bet. ISBN 9780521089852.
- ↑ Roberts, Jacob (2017). "Women's work". Distillations 3 (1): 6–11. https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/womens-work. Qaraldi: 22 March 2018.Yangi ayol]]
- ↑ ODNB entry for Ella Hepworth Dixon, by Nicola Beauman. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Pay-walled.; London: W. Heinemann, 1894. The Story of a Modern Woman, ed. Steve Farmer (Toronto: Broadview Literary Texts, 2004). ISBN 1551113805.
- ↑ Lavender. „Notes on The New Woman“. The College of Staten Island/CUNY. 2014-yil 28-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 27-oktyabr.
- ↑ Rich, Charlotte. Transcending the New Woman: Multiethnic Narratives in the Progressive Era. Colombia, United States: University of Missouri Press, 2009 — 4 bet. ISBN 978-0-8262-6663-7.
- ↑ Willard, Frances Elizabeth. A Wheel Within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle with Some Reflection By the Way. Fleming H. Revell Company, 1895. 2019-yil 23-martda qaraldi.
- ↑ Stanton. „Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers: Speeches and Writings- 1902 Articles; Undated; "Shall Women Ride the Bicycle?" undated“. Library of Congress. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 23-mart.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 Harmond, Richard (1971). "Progress and Flight: An Interpretation of the American Cycle Craze of the 1890s". Journal of Social History 5 (2): 235–257. doi:10.1353/jsh/5.2.235.
- ↑ Rubinstein, David (1977). "Cycling in the 1890s". Victorian Studies 21 (1): 47–71.
- ↑ Hallenbeck, Sarah (2010). "Riding Out of Bounds: Women Bicyclists' Embodied Medical Authority". Rhetoric Review 29 (4): 327–345. doi:10.1080/07350198.2010.510054.
- ↑ Blickenstaff, Brian. „Annie Londonderry: the Self-Promoting Feminist Who Biked Around the World“ (en). Vice (2016-yil 23-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-mart.
- ↑ „10 Things you Didn't Know about Annie Londonderry“. Total Women's Cycling. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 1-mart.
- ↑ „First woman to cycle the globe begins journey“. Jewish Women's Archive (1894-yil 25-iyun). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 21-sentyabr.
- ↑ Robins Pennell, Elizabeth. Ladies in the Field: Sketches of Sport. London: Ward & Downey, 1894 — 250 bet.
- ↑ Petty, Ross D. (2010). "Bicycling in Minneapolis in the Early 20th Century". Minnesota History 62 (3): 66–101.