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Wikipedia:Tiers of reliability

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tier 1: most reliable

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Peer-reviewed publications

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  • Peer-reviewed articles in academic journals, e.g. Science [1] or Nature [2]
  • Literature reviews, systematic reviews, and other review articles
  • Peer-reviewed conference papers
  • Examples:
    • Malawey, Victoria (2014). "'Find out what it means to me': Aretha Franklin's gendered re-authoring of Otis Redding's 'Respect'". Popular Music. 33 (2): 185–207. doi:10.1017/S0261143014000270. S2CID 161360928.
    • Lordi, Emily J. (2016). "Souls intact: The soul performances of Audre Lorde, Aretha Franklin, and Nina Simone". Women & Performance. 26 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1080/0740770X.2016.1183981. S2CID 194498055.

Academic books

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Tier 2: more reliable

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Non-peer-reviewed academic publications

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Mass-market books

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Highly-reputable international journalism

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Tier 3: reliable

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Tertiary sources

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Other generally reliable news sources

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Expert self-published

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Tier 4: limited use

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Non-expert self-published

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Questionable sources

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Primary sources

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See also

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Policies
  • Verifiability (WP:V)
  • No original research (WP:NOR)
Guidelines
Explanatory supplements
General essays
Topic-specific essays
  • Identifying reliable sources (history) (WP:HISTRS)
  • Identifying reliable sources (law) (WP:RSLAW)
  • Identifying reliable sources (science) (WP:SCIRS)
  • Identifying reliable sources (medicine) (WP:MEDRS)
  • Identifying and using style guides (WP:STYLEGUIDES)
  • Using maps and similar sources in Wikipedia articles (WP:MAPCITE)
Other
  • Reliable sources/Noticeboard (WP:RSN)
  • Reliable sources/Perennial sources (WP:RSP)
  • Common knowledge (WP:CK)
  • How to mine a source (WP:MINE)