Jump to content

Islamist insurgency in the Sahel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
Part of the war on terror and spillover of the Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)

Map showing areas where the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara operates
Date15 February 2011 – present
(13 years, 5 months)
Location
Status

Ongoing

Belligerents

Local governments:
 Mali
 Burkina Faso
 Niger[1]
 Nigeria
 Cameroon
 Chad[2]
 Togo[3]
 Ghana[4]
 Ivory Coast[5]
 Benin[6]


United Nations MINUSMA[2] (2013–2023)
AFISMA[7] (from 2013)


Al-Qaeda and allies: AQIM (from 2007)
JNIM (from 2017)

Ansar al-Sharia of Mali (2012–present)
Ansar ul Islam (2016–present)
Al-Mulathameen
Al-Shabaab
Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat remnants[2]
Ansar al-Sharia of Mauritania
National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (2012)


Islamic State IS-GS
Islamic State Boko Haram (from 2006, partially aligned with ISIL since 2015)[22][23]
Islamic State ISWAP
Ansaru


Islamic Movement of Nigeria
Commanders and leaders

Mali Assimi Goïta
Mali Choguel Kokalla Maïga
Burkina Faso Ibrahim Traoré
Burkina Faso Apollinaire J. Kyélem de Tambèla
Niger Abdourahamane Tchiani
Niger Ali Lamine Zeine
Nigeria Bola Tinubu
Cameroon Paul Biya
Cameroon Joseph Ngute
Chad Mahamat Déby
Chad Succès Masra
Togo Faure Gnassingbé
Togo Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo
Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara
Ivory Coast Robert Beugré Mambé
Benin Patrice Talon

Abdelmalek Droukdel [24]
Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi[24]
Iyad Ag Ghaly[25]
Amadou Koufa[24]
Islamic State Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi 
Islamic State Abu al-Bara al-Sahrawi[26]
Ibrahim Malam Dicko 
Abdoul Salam Dicko[27]
Strength

Total armed forces:
 Mali: 7,350
AFISMA: 2,900[7]
 Niger: 12,000
 Chad: 30,350
 France: 5,100 deployed in the Sahel[8][9]
Supported by:

 United States: 1,325+ advisors, trainers[13][28]

AQIM (former GSPC): 1,000[2][29][30]–4,000[31]
MUJAO: ~500[7]
Al-Mourabitoun: Fewer than 100[32]
Ansar Dine: 300[33]–10,000[7]


 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Casualties and losses
34,074+ people killed[a]
3 million displaced[38]

An Islamist insurgency has been ongoing in the Sahel region of West Africa since the 2011 Arab Spring. In particular, the intensive conflict in the three countries of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso has been referred to as the Sahel War.

The conflict is generally seen to have begun during the early stages of the Mali War, which itself was seen as a spillover conflict of the Insurgency in the Maghreb. As Islamist Tuareg rebels overran Mali in 2012, a concurrent insurgency in Nigeria, led by Boko Haram, began to spread to nearby countries. By 2015, the Mali war had spread to Burkina Faso and Niger, which led to heavy fighting and humanitarian crises in both countries. The conflict in Nigeria also reached a climax before a coalition offensive forced insurgents into remission. By 2019, the effects of the region-wide conflict began to accelerate due to resentment within the populace and due to alleged inability to handle the conflict. These views led to a series of coups in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Sudan, Chad and Guinea, which led to the region being labeled a 'coup belt'.

Background

[edit]

Since 2007, the al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) have been engaging the Algerian government in an insurgency campaign in the Maghreb. AQIM fighters are mostly drawn from the Algerian and local Saharan communities (such as the Tuareg and the tribal clans of Mali).[39] After the First Libyan Civil War in 2011, south-western Libya has offered sanctuaries to AQIM fighters, which dispatched cells to be established in the region.[40]

Western Sahel

[edit]

Mali

[edit]
Map showing the fullest extent of rebel-held territory in January 2013
Military situation in Mali in 2024. For a detailed map, see here.

Tuareg rebellion and Malian civil war

[edit]

After the end of the 2011 Libyan Civil War, an influx of weaponry led to the arming of the Tuareg in their demand for greater autonomy and independence of their homeland in northern Mali, which they called Azawad.[41] In Libya, the Tuareg people largely supported Gaddafi during the war, and Tuareg areas such as Ghat remain Gaddafi loyalist strongholds.[42] Tuareg fighters who fought for Gaddafi began to return from Libya after war ends, citing discrimination from the new government.[43]

In October 2011, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) was formed from rebels of previous Tuareg rebellions and fighters who have returned from Libya. Another Tuareg-dominated group, the Islamist Ansar Dine, also fought against the Malian government. However, unlike the MNLA, it does not seek independence but rather the impositions of sharia across united Mali.[44]

In March 2012, Malian President Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted in a coup d'état over his handling of the conflict. Following the coup, Northern Mali's three largest cities: Kidal, Gao and Timbuktu were overrun by the rebels.[45]

On 6 April 2012, the MNLA said that it had accomplished its goals and proclaimed Azawad to be independent from Mali.[46]

The MNLA were initially backed by Ansar Dine. However, Ansar Dine and other Islamist groups, including Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO), a splinter group of AQIM, began imposing strict Sharia law in conquered territories. They soon came into conflict with the MNLA. By July 2012, the MNLA had lost control of most of northern Mali to the Islamists.[47]

By January 2013, Islamist forces advanced to 600 km from the capital and were closing in to capture the major town of Mopti. The MNLA began peace talks to realign with the Malian government while the French military launched Opération Serval on January 11, intervening in the conflict. French air campaign helped Malian government to push back Islamist advances, allowing them to take back major cities of Timbuktu, Gao and Kidal. By the end of May 2013, Islamist and Tuareg forces have to retreat to the desert of northeastern Mali.

Foreign interventions

[edit]

Since february 2007 the United States and partner nations in the Saharan and Sahel regions of Africa conduct Operation Juniper Shield, consisting of counterterrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa.

French Opération Serval ended in July 2014. Operation Barkhane commenced shortly after on 1 August 2014 to "assure the Sahel nations' security, and in effect France's security".[48]

In 2022 Russian mercenaries from the Wagner Group were deployed in Mali,[49][50] as well as soldiers from the Russian regular army[citation needed]. At the same time, Turkish intervention had intensified[citation needed].

Insurgency spreading to other countries

[edit]

Niger

[edit]

The Niger faces jihadist insurgencies both in its western regions (as a result of the spillover of the Mali War) and in its southeastern region (as a result of the spillover of the Islamic insurgency in Nigeria). The insurgency in the west of the country began with incursions in 2015 and intensified from 2017 onwards. Since 2021, attacks were carried out with greater frequency in the country. In 2023 a coup was carried out that was successful leading to the creation of a military junta and start to an international crisis.

Burkina Faso

[edit]

The insurgency in the Sahel spread to Burkina Faso in 2015, beginning with an attack on a gendarmerie by alleged Boko Haram members. In 2016, the amount of attacks spiked after a new group, Ansarul Islam was founded by imam Ibrahim Malam Dicko.

Since 2021, the insurgency in Burkina Faso has begun to spread to neighboring countries of Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin and Togo. On 8 February 2022, insurgents attacked the W National Park in Benin, killing nine people. On 11 May 2022, militants crossed the border into Togo and killed eight soldiers.[51]

2020s

[edit]

Beginning in the early 2020s, numerous coups were staged in countries in the Sahel, namely the 2020 and 2021 coups in Mali, in Guinea, Chad, Sudan, Burkina Faso and Niger. The coups further complicated the situation in the region.

Boko Haram and ISWAP insurgency

[edit]
Boko Haram's territorial control prior to the 2015 West African offensive

Having cooperated and trained alongside AQIM in the Sahel since 2006, the Nigerian Islamist group Boko Haram began expanding into Chad and Niger in 2014 after successfully seizing territory in the insurgency in Nigeria.[22] By then controlling a significant area around Lake Chad, a coalition of Western African countries launched an offensive against the group in January 2015.[52] The group eventually departed its alliance with al-Qaeda, pledging allegiance to ISIL in March 2015. By the end of 2015 Boko Haram had been largely pushed to retreat into the Sambisa Forest in Nigeria, although attacks have continued including in Niger.[53][54]

Timeline

[edit]

2012

[edit]

2013

[edit]

2014

[edit]
  • December 11 – French troops in Mali killed top Islamist commander Ahmed al Tilemsi. Tilemsi was a founding member of Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJWA) and held a $5 million bounty.[55]

2015

[edit]

2016

[edit]
  • January 15 – Gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel in the heart of Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso. The number of fatalities reached 30,[59][60][61] while at least 56 were wounded; a total of 176 hostages were released[62][63] after a government counter-attack into the next morning as the siege ended. Three perpetrators were also killed.[64] The nearby YIBI hotel was then under siege, where another attacker was killed. Notably, former Swiss MPs Jean-Noël Rey and Georgie Lamon were killed. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Al-Mourabitoun.
  • February 5 – A UN base in Mali was attacked by unknown Islamists.[65]
  • February 11 – Suspected Islamist militants killed two civilians and a customs officer and burned a car in an attack on a customs post in Mopti, central Mali.[66]
  • February 12 – Five UN peacekeepers killed in Kidal, Mali and over at least 30 wounded, from an insurgent attack.[67]
  • February 15 – AQIM confirmed the death of MOJWA spokesman, Omar Ould Hamaha, in a France airstrike.[68]
  • February 23 – Gunmen attacked a checkpoint southwest of the Malian town of Timbuktu overnight killing three soldiers and wounding two others.[69]
  • March 1 – It's reported that France special forces conducted two separated raids killing a Spanish AQIM commander, Abu al Nour al Andalusi, and two fighters of Al-Mourabitoun.[70]
  • March 6Ansar Dine claims four attacks across Mali, detonating three UN vehicles in Kidal, Tesslitnear, Aguelhok and an attack on a UN camp in Kidal with rockets, meanwhile defense ministers from West Africa's semi-arid Sahel region have agreed to work together to establish special rapid reaction force, named the G5 Sahel, to counter the growing threat from al Qaeda and Islamic State-linked militants.[71][72]
  • March 10 – Warring Tuareg clans in northern Mali have agreed to cease hostilities after tit-for-tat violence killed dozens of people from the start of the year.[73]
  • March 13–142016 Grand-Bassam shootings: AQIM and Al-Mourabitoun attacked the town of Grand-Bassam, in the Ivory Coast, killing at least 18 people, including three members of the country's special forces, and four European tourists. Three of six assailants were also killed.[74][75][76]
  • March 15 – AQIM branch said its attack in the Ivory Coast on March 13 that killed 18 people was revenge for the France Operation Barkhane against Islamist militants in the Sahel region and called for its forces to withdraw.[77] Also, Ivory Coast has raised its security alert to the highest level and President Alassane Ouattara has pledged that the country would not be "intimidated by terrorists" following the attack of March 13 that killed 18 people.[78]
  • March 16 – The French government said it will deploy a paramilitary police force in the capital of Burkina Faso to react quickly in the event of new attacks by Islamist militants in West Africa, after the Ivory Coast attack by AQIM.[79]
  • March 19 – Three policemen were shot dead by AQIM soldiers in a Niger village near the border with Burkina Faso. One soldier was killed and two others wounded when a military convoy was attacked close to Nigeria's border by Boko Haram fighters.[23]
  • March 22 – AQIM attacked a European union military training mission's headquarters in the Malian capital, Bamako, which left an insurgent dead.[80][81] On the same day, the Ivory Coast arrested the suspected leader and other 15 militants of the AQIM group that conducted the beach attacks of March 13. The man is named Kounta Dallah.[82][83]
  • March 23 – 21 AQIM suspects were captured by the Malian police in response to their attack on an EU base in Bamako.[84]
  • March 27 – Two AQIM fighters were arrested in Mali over Ivory Coast resort attack.[85]
  • April 9 – Ansar Dine claimed two bombings on the Aguelhok-Tessalit axis just north of the city of Kidal.[86]
  • April 10 – Gunmen ambushed a Malian military patrol outside of Timbuktu near the town of Gourma, injuring three soldiers.[86]
  • April 12 – Three French soldiers were killed by an IED in northern Mali. Also, another two Malian soldiers and one Chadian were killed by land mines.[86][87]
  • April 22 – Malian police captured the AQIM mastermind of the terrorist attacks of November 2015 in Radisson blu hotel in Bamako. The man identified as a Mauritanian by the name of Fawaz Ould Ahmeida.[88]
  • July 31 – In Timbuktu, northern Mali, a captain of the Malian army was killed by four AQIM members[89]
  • September 2 – In Markoye, Burkina Faso killed ISIS members one border guard and a civilian.[90]
  • September 9 – 3 Malian troops were killed after suspected AQIM fighters ambushed them in the centre of the country.[91]
  • September 26 – In Timbuktu, Mali a military guard and his cousin were killed in their house by terrorists.[92]
  • October 3 – One Blue helmet was killed and eight others were injured in an attack on their base in Aguelhok, Mali. AQIM claimed the attack[93][94]
  • October 6 – The Malian refugee camp Tazalit in the Tasara region was attacked by forty assailants, presumably AQIM. Twenty people were killed (all site security forces). One refugee was injured.[95]
  • October 9 – One of the main Tuareg leaders of Mali, Cheikh Ag Awssa, military head of the High Council of Azawad (HCUA, French acronym), died Saturday when the vehicle he was traveling with his son stepped on a mine, reported today the Coordinator movements of Azawad (CMA).[96]
  • October 12 – Burkina Faso's defense ministry says heavily armed assailants have attacked a military position in the north near the Mali border, killing three soldiers and wounding another. ISIS claims responsibility for the attack.[97][98]
  • October 14 – An American aid worker has been kidnapped in a town northeast of Niger's capital Niamey, before being taken by his abductors to Mali, according to a security source. Armed men raided the house of the aid worker on Friday, killing his two guards before driving him off across the desert, the mayor of the town of Abalak said on Saturday.[99][100]
  • November 3 – A peacekeeper was killed and five others were injured when militants attacked a military base. After the shooting, a bomb exploded, killing one soldier and injuring dozens more. AQIM claims the attack.[101]
  • November 4 – A French soldier was killed and four others injured after that their truck exploded because of a land mine in the north of Kidal. Ansar Dine claimed the attack.[102]
  • November 5 – An al-Qaeda-linked group has released a video showing the purported execution of two Malians accused of collaborating with French counter-terrorism forces in Mali.[102]
  • November 6:
    • A convoy of MINUSMA was attacked in the center of Mali, about 25 km north of the town of Douentza. The convoy hit a mine or an IED and the assailants are then out of hiding by opening fire. One peacekeeper died, seven others were wounded. Ansar Dine claimed the attack.[103]
    • A Togolese peacekeeper was killed along with two civilians when the convoy was attacked in Gourma, Mali. AQIM claims the attack.[104]
    • Militants attack a military base, killing a Togolese in Gourma-Rharous Cercle, Mali. AQIM claims the attack.[105]
    • Militants raided in a prison and freeing 21 prisoners. They also kidnapped a guard in Banamba, Mali. Ansar Dine claims the attack[106]
  • November 11–12 – In Gao, Mali have one of the positions of the Malian army was targeted by terrorists on motorcycle. Two soldiers were injured. Al-Mourabitoun claims the attack.[107]
  • November 13:
    • Militants attacked a military checkpoint, in Gao, Mali killing one soldier and injuring other two.[108]
    • Two people were killed in two attacks in Djibo.[109]
  • December 6Al-Qaeda militants attacked a prison in Niono, Mali. Two guards were injured. Dozens of prisoners have escaped.[110]
  • December 162016 Nassoumbou attack: Several dozen heavily armed gunmen attacked an army outpost near the border with Mali, leaving at least 12 soldiers dead and 2 others missing.[111]
  • December 22 – Six gunmen on motorcycles attacked Saye's military soldier in Mali and shot the gendarmes on the scene, one soldier was killed and several were wounded.[112]
  • December 24 – A Frenchwoman was abducted in the city of Gao.[113]

2017

[edit]
  • January 2 – One person was killed and another was injured in two separate shooting attacks in Djibo, Burkina Faso.[114]
  • January 12 – Five Malian soldiers were killed and two others injured when their patrol hit a landmine in Mali's Segou region.[115]
  • January 182017 Gao bombing: Five suicide bombers exploded near a NATO army base in Gao, Mali. At least 65 people were killed while an unknown number of people were injured. There were no reported casualties among the NATO troops.[116][117] Al-Mourabitoun claimed responsibility.[118]
  • January 24 – A peacekeeper in Mali was killed and two other peacekeepers were injured in mortar fire in Aguelhok. Al-Qaeda is suspected for the attack.[citation needed]
  • January 30 – Two civilians were injured in a terrorist attack in Madougou, Mali.[119]
  • February 4 – Four soldiers were killed and eight others were injured in a terrorist attack in Ménaka of Mali.[120]
  • February 5 – Four Chadian soldiers were killed in a bomb attack.[121]
  • February 27 – Two police stations in Tongomayel and Baraboulé were attacked overnight by suspected jihadists. The Ansar ul Islam militant group, which has links to the Ansar Dine extremist movement in Mali, said it staged the attacks.[122]
  • March 3Ansar ul Islam militants on motorbikes killed two people including a school director.[123]
  • March 5 – Eleven soldiers were killed and four others were injured in an attack on a position of the Malian Army close to the border with Burkina Faso.[124]
  • March 6 – At least five Nigerien gendarmes were killed in the night during a likely terrorist attack in the Tillabéri Region.[125]
  • March 11 – The muezzin of a mosque was found butchered by a suspected jihadist in Ivory Coast.[126]
  • March 13 – Two Malian soldiers and two Malian civilians were killed in a shooting attack.[citation needed]
  • March 28 – Two soldiers and a civilian were killed in an attack at the border with Burkina Faso. Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin claimed responsibility on April 1, 2017.[127]
  • April 6 – A French soldier was killed in the Sahel region, Mali after a clash with armed militants.[128]
  • April 9 – Five people were killed in an attack carried out by militants in Gargando, Mali.[129]
  • April 18:
    • Two soldiers and one civilian were injured during an attack against their UN convoy in Mali.[130]
    • Four Malian soldiers were killed when terrorists attacked their base. Sixteen other soldiers were also injured.[130]
  • May 3 – 3 rockets struck the MINUSMA Super Camp at Timbuktu Airport around leaving 1 peacekeeper dead and 9 wounded.[131]
  • May 14 – In Mali four members of the Red Cross have been abducted. The local helpers were on the road in Ténenkou in the central region of Mopti on Sunday to assess the humanitarian situation there.[citation needed]
  • May 23 – Two peacekeepers of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) were killed and another injured on Tuesday morning in an ambush in the northern Kidal region.[132]
  • August 132017 Ouagadougou attack.
  • October 4An ambush in Niger near the Malian border leaves four U.S. Special Forces soldiers, five Nigerien soldiers and 21 ISGS militants dead during a joint patrol.[133]
  • December 6 – US and Nigerien forces kill 11 ISGS militants in a firefight.

2018

[edit]
  • January 27 – At least 14 Malian soldiers have been killed and 18 others wounded in an AQIM attack during which fighters briefly took control of a military camp in Soumpi, Timbuktu region. They retreated later. Two terrorists were also killed.[134]
  • March 22018 Ouagadougou attacks.

2019

[edit]
  • January 1–2Yirgou massacre. In northern Burkina Faso, six villagers are killed by jihadists. Koglweogo (Mossi "bush guardians") react by massacring between 49 and 210 (reports vary widely) Fula.[135]
  • January 20 – AQIM claims the attack on 10 UN Mali peacekeepers due to Chad's restoration of relations with Israel.[136]
  • February 6 – Five Burkina Faso gendarmes are killed in a supposed terrorist attack at Oursi in the Sahel region.[137]
  • February 24 – The Burkina Faso military takes out 29 suspected militants through an air force and army operation.[138]
  • March 19 – A raid in a Mali military camp leaves 16 Malian soldiers dead.[139]
  • May 9Burkina Faso hostage rescue.
  • May 16 – 28 Nigerien soldiers are ambushed and killed while patrolling near the Mali border.[140]
  • June 14 – An Aérospatiale Gazelle operated by the French Army Light Aviation was damaged by 7.62 mm machinegun fire and had to make an emergency landing in the town of Liptako but was then destroyed to stop it falling into enemy hands.[141]
  • July 1 – At least 18 soldiers were killed and another four were missing in action when two suicide car bombers attacked a Nigerien army outpost around the town of Inates before attempting to storm the camp. The Islamic State in the Greater Sahara is suspected of responsibility. Niger's capital Niamey is expected to host the African Union summit on July 7 and 8.[142]
  • July 11 – Ten UN peacekeepers were wounded by a roadside mine near Kidal, northern Mali.[143]
  • July 22 – Six Estonians and "around the same number" of French soldiers were wounded when suicide bombers struck a French military base in Gao.[144]
  • August 21 – Twenty-four soldiers of Burkina Faso's army were killed in an attack on a military base in the country's north.[145] Five soldiers were ambushed and killed by militants in central Mali, near the towns of Hombori and Boni.[146]
  • August 29 – Three soldiers were killed and another seven wounded in Koro, Mali, after being attacked by militants. At least one attacker was killed.[147]
  • September 3 – A bomb planted in a bus exploded in Mopti, Mali, killing 20 civilians and wounding 15 more.[148]
  • September 8 – A food convoy and a transport truck were attacked by militants in two different incidents in northern Burkina Faso, killing at least 29 people in total.[149]
  • September 9 – Six Burkinabe police officers were ambushed and killed by suspected jihadists in Soum Province.[150]
  • September 19 – Five soldiers were killed and two were wounded in an overnight attack by unknown gunmen against a military patrol.[151]
  • September 23 – Nine people were killed after terrorists opened fire on a group of people in two locations near Bourzanga.[152]
  • September 25 – Six civilians were shot dead after armed militants stormed three villages in the city of Zimtenga.[153]
  • September 28 – Nine people were killed after terrorists stormed the village of Komsilga, while seven others were killed during another attack in Deneon. Later, a soldier was shot dead.[154]
  • September 30 – Attacks on two military posts in Mopti Region, Mali, left 38 soldiers dead and more than 60 others missing, while the posts themselves were destroyed. The attack was one of the worst to hit Mali's military in years. At least 15 militants were reportedly killed in the attack.[155]
  • October 1 – Six civilians were killed by militants in a camp for displaced people in Kangro, Burkina Faso.[156]
  • October 4Dolmane gold mine attack: About 20 people were killed in Soum, Burkina Faso, when militants attacked a gold mining site. Meanwhile, it was estimated that the surge of Islamist violence in Burkina Faso forced more than 300,000 people to flee the north of the country, while 2,000 schools were closed.[157]
  • October 6 – A roadside bomb exploded as a vehicle containing UN peacekeepers passed by, killing one of the peacekeepers and injuring four others. The bombing occurred in Aguelhok in northern Mali. A soldier was shot and wounded in a related incident.[158]
  • October 7 – Militants clashed with the Nigerien military in a valley in Dogondoutchi, leaving two soldiers dead and five more wounded.[159]
  • October 11Burkina Faso mosque attack: Armed men assaulted the Grand Mosque in Salmossi, northern Burkina Faso, killing 16 people and critically injuring two more.[160]
  • October 12 – Militants killed five officers in Sanam, in Niger's Tillaberi region.[161]
  • October 19 – Simultaneous attacks in northern Burkina Faso (in Loroum Province and Yatenga Province) left four soldiers and a police officer dead while another 11 soldiers were wounded.[162]
  • October 28Pobé Mengao shooting: Militants killed 16 civilians in Pobe Mengao, Burkina Faso, when the civilians refused to supply the armed Islamists with ammunition.[163]
  • November 12019 Indelimane attack: An attack on a Malian army base in Indelimane, in the country's north and near the border with Niger, left 53 soldiers and a civilian dead. The Islamic State in the Greater Sahara claimed responsibility for the attack, the worst in years.[164]
  • November 2 – The Islamic State in the Greater Sahara claimed responsibility for the death in Mali of a French soldier whose vehicle passed by an IED, which exploded. France confirmed the death.[165]
  • November 4 – An MP and deputy mayor was killed in Burkina Faso's Sahel Region by a roadside IED. Two others in his vehicle also died, while a fourth survived.[166]
  • November 6 – At least 37 people were killed and 60 more injured when militants attacked a gold mining convoy in Burkina Faso's Est Region. Although previous attacks in Burkina Faso were blamed on Al Qaeda groups, this attack bore the hallmarks of the Islamic State.[167]
  • November 18 – At least 30 Malian soldiers were killed and 23 more wounded when they were attacked by militants in the Gao region. The Malian military claimed at least 17 militants were also killed.[168]
  • November 22 – The bodies of 13 more Malian soldiers were found after the November 18 attack, which was claimed by the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara. The bodies were found in Tabankort and Infokaritene.[169]
  • November 25 – Thirteen French soldiers were killed when two helicopters collided with each other in the middle of an operation against militants in northern Mali. The accident was the worst loss for a European country in the Sahel since the beginning of anti-terrorism operations in 2013.[170]
  • December 12019 Burkina Faso church attacks: Militants attacked a church in Foutouri, Burkina Faso, killing 14 people and wounding dozens more.[171]
  • December 9 – Three soldiers and 14 militants were killed when insurgents attacked an army post in Agando, in western Tahoua, Niger.[172]
  • December 10 – At least 71 soldiers were killed, 30 more were missing, and at least 12 were wounded when militants staged a massive attack on a military base in Inates, near the border with Mali. The attack was the deadliest single incident Niger's military has ever experienced.[172]
  • December 21 – French President Emmanuel Macron announced that 33 militants were "neutralized" in a French military operation in central Mali, while also releasing two Malian gendarmes held hostage in Mopti. A militant was also arrested by the French soldiers.[173]
  • December 23 – France said it killed seven insurgents in Mopti, Mali, in its first-ever drone strike.[174]
  • December 24 – Insurgents killed seven soldiers and 35 people, mostly women, during a raid on a military outpost in Soum Province, Burkina Faso. The authorities claimed at least 80 militants were killed in the raid.[175] Prior to the attack, Burkina security forces said they had killed about 100 fighters in several operations since November.[176]
  • December 25 – Eleven soldiers were killed when they were ambushed by militants in Hallele, Soum Province, Burkina Faso. At least five of the insurgents were also killed.[177] Meanwhile, in southwest Niger, 14 security personnel were killed and another was missing after their convoy was attacked by gunmen in Sanam.[178]

2020

[edit]
  • January 4 – Fourteen civilians were killed and four more were seriously injured when a roadside bomb exploded near their bus in Sourou Province, Burkina Faso. Many of the casualties were children returning from holidays.[179]
  • January 6 – Five soldiers were killed in a roadside bomb attack in the Alatona region of Mali.[180]
  • January 9 – At least 25 soldiers were killed when a large group of militants stormed a military base in Chinegodrar, Tillaberi, Niger. The Defense Ministry of Niger said more than 63 "terrorists" were killed during the battle.[181] Meanwhile, a rocket attack on a base in Kidal region, Mali, wounded 20 people, including 18 UN peacekeepers.[182]
  • January 11 – The number of soldiers killed in the Chinegodrar attack in Niger two days ago rose to 89 from 25. The number of militants killed also rose to 77 from 63.[183]
  • January 20 – Insurgents killed 36 civilians during an attack on villages in Sanmatenga Province, northern Burkina Faso.[184]
  • January 21 – Two soldiers were killed by an IED in Mopti, Mali.[185]
  • January 23 – At least six soldiers were killed by militants in Dioungani, Mali.[185]
  • January 25 – Insurgents killed 39 civilians in Soum Province, northern Burkina Faso.[186]
  • January 26 – At least 20 soldiers were killed by militants during an attack on a military outpost in Segou Region, Mali. Five more were wounded. Residents reported that the fighting lasted only two hours, and that the well-armed insurgents had quickly surrounded and raided the base before withdrawing, taking captured supplies and dead comrades with them.[187][188]
  • February 2 – France announced it would deploy 600 more soldiers to the Sahel to fight the deteriorating security situation in the region, bringing the total up to 5,100 troops from 4,500.[189]
  • February 3 – Insurgents killed at least 18 civilians in Bani Department, northern Burkina Faso.[186]
  • February 6 – In Tillaberi, Niger, four gunmen on motorbikes opened fire on workers in a village, killing four people[190]
  • February 7 – French forces killed 30 insurgents in the Gourma and Liptako regions of Mali in the past two days.[191]
  • February 13 – Troops returned to Kidal, northern Mali, following a six-year absence, after former Tuareg rebels allowed them into the city.[192]
  • February 14 – At least 31 people were killed when armed men stormed the central Mali village of Ogossagou. Several members of a quick reaction force sent by MINUSMA to the village during the attack were wounded. On the same day, eight soldiers were killed and four more injured in an ambush in central Gao region, while a soldier was killed in an attack on a military camp in Mondoro.[192]
  • February 16 – Gunmen killed 24 people and wounded 18 more in an attack on a church in Yagha province, northern Burkina Faso. Last week, a pastor was killed and another abducted in the same province.[193]
  • February 17 – A French soldier died in unspecified circumstances in Burkina Faso.[194]
  • February 27 – The African Union announced the deployment of an anti-terrorism force of 3,000 soldiers in the Sahel to combat the rising insecurity there.[195]
  • March 8 – At least 43 people were killed during an attack on two Fulani villages in Yatenga Province, northern Burkina Faso. The perpetrators were likely militiamen that blame the Fulani people for harboring extremist groups in the country.[196]
  • March 13 – An Italian man and a Canadian woman were released in Kidal, Mali, after being kidnapped by a militant group Burkina Faso in December 2018.[197]
  • March 19 – Militants attacked an army base in Tarkint, Gao Province, northern Mali, killing at least 29 soldiers and leaving five more wounded.[198]
  • March 25 – The Malian URD opposition leader Soumaila Cisse was abducted along with six others near Niafunké, central Mali. The abductors killed his bodyguard and wounded two more.[199]
  • March 29 – Nine people were killed when their vehicle hit a landmine in central Mali.[200]
  • March 30 – Three soldiers were killed and another three were wounded when their vehicle struck a roadside bomb in central Mali.[200]
  • April 6 – At least 25 soldiers were killed in an attack on a military base in Bamba, northern Mali.[201]
  • April 9 – President Idriss Déby of Chad said his country's troops will no longer engage in military operations abroad in order to focus on fighting militants and rebels at home. Chad is part of MNJTF, which focuses on fighting extremists in the Lake Chad region, and the G5 Sahel force, which focuses on fighting extremists in the Sahel region. Thousands of Chadian soldiers will withdraw from bases in Niger, Mali and Nigeria by April 22.[202]
  • April 10 – Security forces allegedly executed 31 unarmed Fulani people hours after arresting them in Djibo, northern Burkina Faso.[203]
  • May 1 – A French Foreign Legion soldier died of his injuries after being wounded last week by an IED explosion on his tank in Mali.[204]
  • May 10 – At least 20 people were killed by gunmen in the Tillaberi region of southwest Niger.[205] Meanwhile, three Chadian soldiers were killed and four more seriously wounded when their convoy hit a roadside bomb in Aguelhok, northern Mali.[206]
  • May 11 – A clash between the Burkinabe military and armed militants in Yagha Province left eight soldiers and 20 militants dead.[207]
  • May 27 – Ethnic clashes between Fulani herdsmen and Dogon tribesmen in central Mali left 27 civilians dead.[208]
  • May 28 – An attack on a rebel camp in a province in northern Burkina Faso left 10 militants and one soldier dead, according to reports.[209]
  • May 29 – An attack on a trading convoy in Loroum Province, northern Burkina Faso, left at least 15 people dead and several more wounded.[209]
  • May 30 – An aid convoy was attacked by militants near Barsalogho, northern Burkina Faso, leaving at least five civilians and five gendarmes dead.[210]
  • May 31 – Militants attacked a market in Kompienbiga, Burkina Faso, killing around 30 people before fleeing on motorbikes.[211] Meanwhile, in the Tahoua Region of western Niger, about 50 gunmen stormed the Intikane refugee camp, killing at least three camp officials and destroying parts of the camp before fleeing.[212]
  • June 3 – The French army and local partners killed Abdelmalek Droukdel, the leader of AQIM, along with some of his associates during an operation in northern Mali. The French also stated that they were holding an ISGA leader who was captured in Mali on May 19.[213] Meanwhile, an attack on the Fulani village of Niangassadiou in Mopti region, Mali, left 14 villagers dead.[214]
  • June 5 – An attack on the Fulani village of Binedama in Mopti region, Mali, left 29 villagers dead and the village burned down.[214]
  • June 11 – Militants in Burkina Faso attacked an Ivory Coast border post, killing 10 soldiers and wounding six more, while one militant was killed. The attack was the first on the country since the 2016 Grand-Bassam shootings.[215]
  • June 12 – Two UN peacekeepers were killed during an attack on their convoy between Tessalit and Gao in Mali's north.[216]
  • June 14 – An ambush of a convoy near Bouka Were, central Mali, left "dozens" of soldiers killed or missing. At least 24 were confirmed dead while another 12 remain missing.[217]
  • June 24 – Armed men abducted 10 aid workers distributing food in a village in the Tillaberi region of southwest Niger.[218]
  • July 1 – At least 32 civilians were killed when they were shot at by gunmen on motorbikes in an attack on four ethnic Dogon villages in central Mali's Mopti region.[219]
  • July 2 – Soldiers investigating the massacre yesterday in Mali's Mopti region were themselves attacked, leaving nine soldiers dead and two more wounded.[220]
  • July 6 – Five soldiers, a town mayor, and two "trackers" were killed when militants ambushed a convoy escorting Pensa town hall members, northern Burkina Faso. Three others also went missing.[221]
  • July 8 – A Human Rights Watch report claimed that at least 180 recently deceased corpses were found in mass graves in Djibo, northern Burkina Faso, with the watch group alleging they were killed by government forces.[222]
  • July 16 – At least 12 Dogon villagers were killed in central Mali when they were attacked by gunmen on motorcycles.[223]
  • July 20 – Two soldiers were killed and five more were wounded in an attack by militants on a Burkina Faso town in Komondjari Province.[224]
  • July 23 – A French soldier was killed during a firefight in Mali after he stepped on an explosive.[225]
  • August 2 – Twin attacks in Ségou Region, central Mali, left five soldiers dead.[226]
  • August 7 – About 20 people were killed by militants during an attack on a cattle market in Fada N'Gourma, eastern Burkina Faso.[227]
  • August 9 – Six French aidworkers and two Nigerien volunteers were killed when they were attacked by militants near Kouré, in southwest Niger.[228]
  • September 4 – An ambush on a troop convoy left 10 Malian soldiers dead in Nara, Mali.[229]
  • September 5 – Two French soldiers were killed and a third was injured when their vehicle was hit by an IED in Tessalit Province, Mali.[230]
  • September 26 – Six militia fighters were killed when jihadists attack them in Burkina.[231]
  • October 8 – 25 men were killed in Burkina Faso when unknown attackers attacked their refugee convoy separating them from the women and children and executing them.[232]
  • October 13 – 25 people including 13 soldiers when Jihadists attacked and burned down a military base in Mali then ambushed the reinforcements sent to the base.[233]
  • October 16 – 20 people were killed in a jihadist attack on three villages in Burkina Faso.[234]
  • November 12 – 14 soldiers were killed in an ambush along Tinakof-Beldiabe road in Oudalan province, Burkina Faso.[235]
  • December 28 – three French soldiers were killed when an IED hit their armored vehicle in Mopti province, Mali.[236]

2021

[edit]
  • January 22021 Niger attacks: 105 people were killed and 75 injured in Tchombangou and Zaroumdareye villages in Tillabéri Region in Niger in a suspected Islamist attack.[237]
  • January 2 – Two French soldiers were killed and another injured when their AFV hit an IED in Menaka, Mali.[238]
  • January 3 – Militants held a wedding hostage in Central Mali, but an airstrike was conducted on the wedding killing 20 people and leaving 27 missing.[239]
  • January 5 – Six people were killed after 100 gunmen attacked the town of Loumbila, Burkina Faso. The insurgents stole food and motorbikes and burned several buildings.[240]
  • January 13 – Four Ivorian soldiers were killed and five others wounded by an ambush conducted by armed militants.[241]
  • January 24January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état
  • February 3 – Nine Malian troops were killed and six wounded in an ambush near the village of Boni in Mali.[242]
  • March 162021 Niger attacks: 58 people were killed in Niger when armed militants attacked four vehicles carrying people that had just visited a local market at two nearby villages.[243]
  • March 21 – ISIL militants attacked a Malian army post killing at least 33 Malian soldiers.[244]
  • March 212021 Tahoua attacks: 141 people were killed by gunmen in Niger after series of attacks near the border with Mali. This has been called Niger's deadliest jihadist massacre.[245][246][247]
  • April 3 – ISIL militants attacked a Niger army camp close to the border with Nigeria. 5 Nigerien soldiers were killed and many more were wounded. Six soldiers were also killed when an IED was activated against Nigerien reinforcements that arrived after the exchange of gunfire.[248]
  • April 15 – Two Chadian soldiers were killed after being targeted by gunfire near the Mali-Niger border.[249]
  • April 26 – Two Spanish documentary journalists and an Irish wildlife conservationist were killed following an ambush by Nusrat al-Islam on their convoy in eastern Burkina Faso, near the Benin border. The three Europeans, David Beriáin, Roberto Fraile and Rory Young, were initially reported missing together with a member of the Burkinabe armed forces following the attack. They were killed while filming a documentary about poaching in Pama, Burkina Faso.[250][251][252][253][254]
  • April 27 – ISIL claimed an ambush on a group of Malian soldiers in the Ansongo region. At least 3 Malian soldiers were killed in the attack.[255]
  • May 1 – A Jihadist ambush on a military patrol in the Tahoua region left 16 Nigerien soldiers dead, six injured, and one missing.[247]
  • May 3Kodyel attack: jihadists attacked the village of Kodyel, Burkina Faso, killing 30 and injuring 20.[256]
  • May 4 – ISIL claim responsibility for an ambush on the Malian Azawad Liberation Movement militia, leaving 18 of the militiamen dead.[257]
  • May 222021 Niger attacks: ISIL attacked a Nigerien police headquarters on the Chetimari-Maine-Soroa road, about 40 km west of Diffa, near the Nigeria-Niger border, killing a policeman.[258]
  • June 4–5Solhan and Tadaryat massacres
  • June 8 – ISIL released photos of them executing 5 Christians somewhere on the Mali-Niger border.[259] In the same release, they also showed a photo of them executing an alleged spy.[260]
  • June 22 – Unknown assailants ambushed a police convoy en route to Yirgou in northern Burkina Faso, killing at least 11 police officers and leaving four others missing.[261]
  • June 25 – A car bomb injured 13 UN peacekeepers stationed in a temporary base near the village of Ichagara in the Gao Region of Mali. At least six Malian soldiers were killed in a separate attack in the nearby Mopti Region.[262]
  • July 12 – Ten people were killed in northern Burkina Faso, 7 of them members of a civilian defense force, and the other 3 were civilians. It is suspected that jihadists carried out the attack.[263]
  • August 6 – 30 people, including 15 soldiers, were killed in several suspected jihadist attacks in northern Burkina Faso.[264]
  • August 9 – More than 40 civilians were killed by jihadists in separate attacks in the villages of Karou, Ouatagouna and Daoutegeft in northern Mali.[265] On the same day, 15 civilians were killed during a jihadist attack in Banibangou region. 33 civilians were killed in the same area two weeks prior.[266]
  • August 12 – 17 Jihadists and 5 defense volunteers were killed in an attack in Bilakoka, northern Burkina Faso.[267]
  • September 24 – A French soldier was killed in an armed clash with insurgents in Mali, close to the Burkina Faso border. The gunman was also killed.[268]
  • October 7 – 16 Malian soldiers were killed in a Jihadist attack in central Mali.[269]
  • October 13 – A French soldier was killed following an accident that occurred during a maintenance operation in Timbuktu.[270]
  • October 20British soldiers killed two suspected ISIS fighters after they came under fire whilst conducting a UN Peacekeeping mission on the road between Indelimone and Ménaka.[271]
  • November 27 – Three Burkina Faso soldiers were killed in a Jihadist attack near the southern Ivorian border.[272]
  • November 52021 Adab-Dab attack: At least 69 people, including the town mayor, were killed in a Jihadist attack on the village of Adab-dab in western Niger. Local sources say that members of the ISGS launched the attack on Nigerien defence forces in the area.[273]
  • November 15 – 32 people, including 28 military police officers and 4 civilians were killed in an armed attack on a gendarmerie post in north Burkina Faso.[274]

2022

[edit]
  • January 22 – A French Brigadier was killed in a mortar attack on the Barkhane military camp in Gao, northern Mali.[275]
  • September 5Silgadji bus bombing: At least 35 civilians were killed and 37 wounded following a suspected jihadist attack when a vehicle in the escorted supply convoy, heading to Ouagadougou, hit an improvised explosive device (IED) on the main road, between the northern towns of Djibo and Bourzanga, in the north of Burkina Faso.[276]
  • September 26 – Eleven soldiers were killed and 50 civilians are missing following a suspected jihadist ambush in the northern town of Djibo in the Gaskinde area of Soum Province of Burkina Faso. The attack also left 28 wounded, including 20 soldiers, 1 Volunteer for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) and 7 civilians.[277]

2023

[edit]
  • January 29 – Fifteen men were found dead in Cascades Region after armed men stopped two transport vehicles carrying 24 people.[278]
  • January 30 – Fourteen people were killed, including ten soldiers, two volunteer fighters and a civilian, in an attack on a unit in Falagountou.[278]
  • February 1 – At least 15 Nigerian pilgrims were killed in Burkina Faso on their way to Senegal after their bus convoy was attacked by gunmen.[279]
  • February 7 – A checkpoint in Nara, Mali was attacked by suspected jihadists, leaving two police officers and a gendarme dead.[280]
  • February 11 – An ambush in the Tillabéri region of Niger kills 10 soldiers and leaves 29 more missing or wounded.[281]
  • February 17 – An ambush by the Islamic State against a Burkinabe army convoy in the Oudalan region of Burkina Faso leaves 54+ soldiers dead, dozens of others wounded, and 5 others captured.[282]
  • April 6–7Kourakou and Tondobi attacks: Twin attacks in the villages of Kourakou and Tondobi, Burkina Faso kill 44 people.[283]
  • April 16 – Six Burkinabe soldiers and 34 members of a volunteer defense group were killed and an additional 33 were wounded after an attack in the village of Aorema, located in the Nord region of Burkina Faso.[284]
  • April 22 – A bomb attack near a military camp in Sévare, Mali killed 10 people and injured 61 others.[285]
  • April 28 – 33 soldiers were killed and 12 more were wounded from an attack on a military base in eastern Burkina Faso.[286]
  • May 11 – 33 vegetable farmers were killed by gunmen in Boucle du Mouhoun Region, Burkina Faso.[287]
  • June 2 – Two people were killed after jihadists attacked a food convoy in the Loroum province. Two military units that were escorting the convoy attacked back, killing at least 50 jihadists.[288]
  • June 5 – Suspected jihadists kill 21 people in Sawenga, Burkina Faso. At least 14 of the dead were members of the VDP.[289]
  • June 9 – One U.N. Peacekeeper was killed and another 8 were injured after they were attacked by an IED and then fired at in Mali's Tombouctou region.[290]
  • June 27 – A supply convoy that was escorted by military personnel was ambushed by suspected jihadists while returning from Djibo. At least 34 soldiers were killed.[291]
  • June 30 – UN peacekeeping mission MINUSMA disbands as requested from the Foreign Minister of Mali, with all UN forces due to leave Mali by December 31.[292][293][294]
  • July 5 – 15 civilians were killed by suspected jihadists in the province of Gnagna in Burkina Faso.[295]
  • July 15 – A police officer and four civilians are killed in a suspected jihadist attack in Tillabéri Region, Niger.[296]
  • July 26–28 – A coup d’état occurred in Niger when Mohamed Bazoum was detained by the country's presidential guard and Abdourahamane Tchiani proclaimed himself the leader of a military junta. This led to the start of the 2023 Nigerien crisis.
  • August 3 – 16 Malian soldiers were killed in a jihadist attack in the Ménaka region near Niger. The Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack.[297][298]
  • August 7 – Around 20 people were killed and over a dozen were injured in a suspected jihadist attack in the Centre-Est region in Burkina Faso.[299]
  • August 10ECOWAS orders the activation and deployment of a regional standby force to restore constitutional order in Niger.[300]
  • August 13 – Armed jihadists killed 6 Malian soldiers in northern Mali.[301]
  • August 16 – 17 Nigerien soldiers were killed and 20 more were injured in an ambush by suspected jihadists near the town of Koutougou.[302]
  • August 18 – 23 people were killed by gunmen and 12 more were wounded in the village of Yarou in central Mali.[303][304]
  • August 20 – 12 Nigerien soldiers were killed in a suspected jihadist ambush in the Tillabéri Region.[305]
  • September 2 – Four members of the VDP and a policeman were killed by jihadists in Silmiougou, Burkina Faso.[306]
  • September 52023 Yatenga Province clashes: 53 Burkina Faso soldiers were killed repelling a jihadist attack in the town of Koumbri.[307]
  • September 7September 2023 Mali attacks: 64 people, including 49 civilians and 15 soldiers, were killed in a 'complex' jihadist attack at a Malian military base in Gao.[308]
  • September 12 – At least 10 Malian soldiers were killed and 13 were wounded in an attack by a rebel group in northern Mali.[309]
  • September 14 – 8 people were killed, 10 were injured, and several more were missing after jihadists attacked a camp in Wendou, Burkina Faso.[310]
  • September 22 – Five people were killed and multiple others were injured after a mortar attack in Timbuktu.[311][312]
  • September 282023 Burkina Faso coup d’état attempt: Burkina Faso's military junta claimed that the country's intelligence and security services have foiled a coup attempt.[313] Four people have been arrested and two others are on the run for their alleged involvement.[314]
  • September 29 – 12 Nigerien soldiers were killed; 7 during combat and 5 after a road accident while attempting to respond to the attack, and another 7 were injured in an attack in southwestern Niger. Hundreds of jihadists participated in the attack, which took place in the town of Kandadji. Niger's defense minister claimed that over 100 jihadists were killed in a counteroffensive.[315][316]
  • September 30 – The Permanent Strategic Framework, a coalition of mainly Tuareg separatist groups, claimed to have killed 81 Malian soldiers in the center of the country. They also claimed to have wounded dozens more, taken five as prisoners, while losing seven of their own fighters. The claims have not been confirmed.[317]
  • October 22023 Tabatol attack: At least 29 Nigerien soldiers were killed after being attacked by jihadists in western Niger, near the Malian border. Over 100 militants participated in the attack, who used IEDs and “kamikaze vehicles”. Two more soldiers were left seriously wounded and several dozen jihadists were killed.[318]
  • October 5 – France begun its withdrawal of military personnel from Niger, and stated that all French military units in the country will return to France by the end of the year.[319]
  • October 15 – Six Nigerien soldiers were killed and 18 were injured in a clash between Niger's armed forces and "terrorist elements" in the town of Téra. 31 terrorists were also killed.[320]
  • October 27 – A MINUSMA convoy was attacked while withdrawing peacekeepers from Mali, resulting in four truck drivers being wounded.[321]
  • November 1 – A UN convoy was attacked by an IED after leaving its camp in Kidal, Mali, injuring eight peacekeepers.[322]
  • November 3 – Seven UN peacekeepers were injured after a convoy was hit by IEDs.[323]
  • November 4 – 22 UN peacekeepers were injured after their convoy encountered two IEDs.[324]
  • November 5 – At least 70 people were killed in the Burkinabè village of Zaongo by unknown assailants.[325]
  • November 7:
    • At least fourteen people, including children, the deputy mayor and a local councillor, were killed after a series of strikes on the town of Kidal perpetrated by the Malian Armed Forces.[326][327]
    • About 40 Dogon people were kidnapped after ambushes on several public transport buses traveling between Koro and Bankass by suspected Islamic extremists. The women were later released. About 30 men remain hostage.[328]
    • Unidentified gunmen killed a journalist and kidnapped two others on the Gao–Asongo road.[329]
  • November 18 – Fifteen people, including three army auxiliaries, were killed in simultaneous attacks in Diapaga, Burkina Faso.[330]
  • November 26Battle of Djibo: JNIM fighters carried out a "major" attack on a military base, targeting an army detachment in Djibo. Burkina Faso claimed that they inflicted "heavy losses" on the attackers, while some soldiers were killed. They also attacked homes and camps in the city, killing at least 40 civilians and injuring 42.[331] The Burkina Faso Information Agency stated that the attacks were an attempt to seize Djibo, in which 3,000 criminals participated in. They added that around 400 of them were "destroyed" during a counter-offensive by the country's Armed Forces.[332]
  • November 28 – Mali announced that they started several investigations against leaders of various ethnic separatist and jihadist groups for terrorism and money laundering. Among those under investigation are Iyag Ag Ghaly, and six other leaders of Tuareg rebel groups.[333]
  • December 1 – Daouda Diallo, a human rights defender in Burkina Faso, was abducted by unknown individuals in the country's capital. The abductors were dressed in civilian clothing, and captured Diallo as he tried to enter his car.[334]
  • December 3 – The Malian army claimed that it repelled jihadist attacks against four localities in northern Mali.[335]
  • December 12:
    • Around 30 soldiers and five civilians were killed in twin attacks in Mali's Ségou Region. Militants stormed the village of Farabougou and attacked a nearby military camp. Some residents in Farabougou were kidnapped, and the camp was burned down by the attackers.[336]
    • Three people were killed and another was injured from an IED explosion in Bankass, Mali.[337]
  • December 13 – JNIM leader Iyad Ag Ghaly published a video warning about a "new phase of Jihad" and urged local residents to fight against the juntas of Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and the Wagner Group.[338]
  • December 24:
    • GSIM fighters launched an attack on the Solle detachment, killing around 60 Burkinabé soldiers. The soldiers were able to repel the attacks.[339]
    • A gendarmerie base in Gorgadji was attacked by several terrorists on motorbikes.[339]
  • December 29 – A Nigerien soldier was killed and an additional five were wounded when their vehicle drove over a land mine in Ouro Gueladjo.[340]
  • December 30 – Several civilians and soldiers were killed during an attack on a military base in Nouna.[339]
  • December 31 – Niger's defense ministry announced that 11 people were killed in weekend attacks on the villages of Amara and Loudji.[340]

2024

[edit]
  • January 5 – An unknown amount of civilians were killed while Niger's army conducted airstrikes against terrorists as they attempted to attack a military post in Tyawa.[341]
  • January 28 – 22 people were killed during a suspected jihadist attack on Motogatta, Niger.[342]
  • February 14 – Tuareg separatists accused the Malian government and the Wagner Group of carrying out a drone strike in Talhandak that killed seven Chadian and Nigerien civilians.[343]
  • February 25:
    • Islamic State militants killed 15 people and injured two others in a Catholic church in Essakane village, Burkina Faso.[344]
    • Several dozen people were killed, including an important religious figure, when armed individuals (most likely affiliated with JNIM) attacked a mosque in Natiaboani, Burkina Faso. Soldiers and members of the VDP were also targeted by the attackers.[345]
    • Nondin and Soro massacres: Members of the Burkina Faso Armed Forces killed 223 civilians in Nondin and Soro.[346]
  • March 17 – Malian army drone strikes in Amasrakad, Gao region killed 13 civilians and wounded over a dozen more.[347]
  • March 222024 Tillabéri attack: A Nigerien military unit was attacked by over 100 militants between Teguey and Bankilare in the Tillabéri Region. 23 soldiers were killed and 17 more were wounded, while at least 30 attackers were killed.[348]
  • March 31Tawori attack [fr]: JNIM militants attacked a Burkinabe army detachment in Tawori, killing 73 including 32 civilians.[349]
  • April 30 – Malian authorities announced the killing of senior Islamic State commander Abu Huzeifa, who was linked to the Tongo Tongo ambush.[350]
  • June 11 – JNIM claimed responsibility for an attack on a military post in Mansila that they said killed 107 Burkinabe soldiers.[351]

Effects

[edit]

As a result of the insurgency, the affected countries have been severely destabilized, with the emergence of the coup belt following several coup d'états within the region due to perceived inability to handle the conflict. In Mali and Burkina Faso, both countries lost significant control of their territory to the Islamists. The conflict has also seen a political shift in the region, with many military juntas, many having recently overthrown US- and Chinese-backed governments, allying themselves with the Russian government and the Wagner Group. In particular, Mali has seen significant activity of the Wagner Group as the government moved closer to Turkey and Russia. Niger saw its government being overthrown in 2023 due to poor management of the conflict. In particular, the M62 Movement, a pro-Russian and anti-Imperialist group, supported the coup. Burkina Faso also saw its government being overthrown twice within a year, with coups occurring in January and September, both of which caused by poor management of the conflict against Islamists.

Although not affected as much, countries nearby like Ghana, Benin, Guinea, Togo and the Ivory Coast have been under constant threat of either full-on insurgency or severe destabilization internally. Guinea has already seen a coup d'état while the Gambia has seen turmoil internally. Northern Benin has seen an increase in terrorism attributed to Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin and the Islamic State, with 28 incidents attributed to the groups between 1 November 2021 and 14 September 2022, including the W National Park massacre.[352]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 22,074 from 2007–2022,[37] 12,000+ in 2023[38]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash". AFP. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  3. ^ Zodzi, John (13 November 2021). "Togo says repelled possible militant attack near Burkina Faso border". National Post.
  4. ^ https://www.kas.de/documents/261825/16928652/The+jihadist+threat+in+northern+Ghana+and+Togo.pdf/ [bare URL]
  5. ^ "Concern Grows About Jihadi Activity in Ivory Coast".
  6. ^ "Au Bénin, l'armée en état d'alerte après une attaque djihadiste". La Croix. 3 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  7. ^ a b c d Salomé Legrand (2013-01-14). "Qui sont les islamistes à qui la France a déclaré la guerre ?". Francetvinfo.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  8. ^ a b "4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  9. ^ a b "François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region". Economist. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  10. ^ "US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  11. ^ "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014.
  12. ^ "War on Isis: British Special Forces ambushed by Islamic State suicide bombers in Libya". International Business Times. 1 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  13. ^ a b "US, Mali Armies Kick off Exercise Atlas Accord; Postpone Exercise Flintlock". Defense Web. 13 February 2012. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  14. ^ Pelz, Daniel (29 January 2017). "Bundeswehr in Mali: dangerous, but necessary?". DW. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Swedish Special Forces to Mali". Försvarsmakten. Archived from the original on 2020-12-06. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  16. ^ Maclean, Ruth; O'Reilly, Finbarr (March 29, 2020). "Crisis in the Sahel Becoming France's Forever War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
  17. ^ "Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal". AFRICOM. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
  18. ^ "The Danish effort in the Sahel region (MINUSMA and Operation Barkhane)". fmn.dk. Archived from the original on 2020-09-26. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  19. ^ "Turkey extends troops deployment in Mali, CAR". Yeni Safak. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  20. ^ "Turkey extends its military presence in Africa". Atalayar. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  21. ^ "Mali receives helicopters and weapons from Russia". Al Jazeera. October 1, 2021. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
  22. ^ a b "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  23. ^ a b "Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram". BBC News. 2016-03-18. Archived from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  24. ^ a b c "Three prominent jihadists dominate Sahel after death of al Qaeda leader". France 24. 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  25. ^ "Al Qaeda Saharan branch leader announces new Jihad phase against juntas". France 24. 2023-12-13. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  26. ^ Nsaibia, Héni (2023-01-13). "Actor Profile: The Islamic State Sahel Province". ACLED. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  27. ^ "Burkina Faso wanted list details Ansaroul Islam network". Long War Journal. 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  28. ^ African Lion 12 ready to roar: marine forces in Africa conducts final planning conference, DVIDs hub, archived from the original on 2014-03-05, retrieved 2022-06-03
  29. ^ Freeman, Colin (12 June 2014). "Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia". Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  30. ^ "Profile: Al-Qaeda in North Africa". BBC News. 2013-01-17. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  31. ^ "Mauritania Killings May be New Qaeda Chapter". Reuters. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  32. ^ "Mali: qui sont les nouveaux chefs des katibas jihadistes?". Radio France Internationale. 14 May 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  33. ^ Sofia Bouderbala (2 April 2012). "Al-Qaeda unlikely to profit from Mali rebellion: experts". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  34. ^ "Nigeria's Boko Haram has up to 6,000 hardcore militants: U.S. officials". Reuters. 2015-02-06. Archived from the original on 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  35. ^ "Boko Haram HQ Gwoza in Nigeria 'retaken'". BBC News. 2015-03-27. Archived from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  36. ^ "Boko Haram at a glance". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  37. ^ "Terrorism deaths in Africa's Sahel spiked 2,000% in 15 years: Report". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  38. ^ a b "Central Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger)". Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  39. ^ Organized Crime and Conflict in the Sahel-Sahara Region [1] Archived 2022-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Boeke, Sergei (2016). "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism, insurgency, or organized crime?". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 27 (5): 914–936. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1208280. hdl:1887/73978.
  41. ^ "Mali: 47 Die in Clashes Between Troops, Rebels – Ministry". allAfrica.com. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  42. ^ Mzioudet, Houda (2013-02-09). "Ghat: a former Qaddafi stronghold struggles to keep up with Libyan revolution". The Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  43. ^ Jibrin Ibrahim (26 March 2012). "West Africa: Mali and the Azawad Question". allAfrica.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  44. ^ "Mali: Timbuktu heritage may be threatened, Unesco says". BBC. 3 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
  45. ^ Baba Ahmed (2 April 2012). "Islamist group plants flag in Mali's Timbuktu". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013.
  46. ^ "Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali". Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  47. ^ Nossiter, Adam (18 July 2012). "Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  48. ^ Larivé, Maxime H.A. (7 August 2014). "Welcome to France's New War on Terror in Africa: Operation Barkhane". nationalinterest.org.
  49. ^ "Malian, foreign soldiers allegedly killed hundreds in town siege -rights group". news.yahoo.com. 5 April 2022.
  50. ^ "Russian mercenaries and Mali army accused of killing 300 civilians". the Guardian. 5 April 2022.
  51. ^ "Eight soldiers killed in Togo, raising spectre of first deadly Islamist attack". Reuters. 2022-05-11. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  52. ^ "Chad, Niger launch ground and air offensive against Boko Haram". CNN. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  53. ^ "Chad, Niger forces kill 123 Boko Haram in crackdown – Niger". Yahoo News. Reuters. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  54. ^ "Boko Haram Attacks Signal Resilience of ISIS and Its Branches". The New York Times. 27 October 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  55. ^ "French forces in Mali kill Islamist on U.S. wanted list". Reuters. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  56. ^ "Mali attack explainer: Who, why and what's next?". Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  57. ^ "Investigation into Mali attack points to 'two foreigners' – News – DW.COM – 22.11.2015". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  58. ^ "Attack on UN base in northern Mali causes casualties". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  59. ^ "French-Moroccan photographer Leila Alaoui dies after Burkina Faso attacks". BNO News. 18 January 2016. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  60. ^ "Ouagadougou blasts: Burkina Faso capital hit by gunfire". BBC News. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  61. ^ "Gunmen attack hotel, take hostages in Burkina Faso capital". 15 January 2015.
  62. ^ "Foreigners killed at Burkina Faso luxury hotel". BBC. 16 January 2016.
  63. ^ "Burkina Faso: Security forces raid besieged hotel, free hostages". CNN. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  64. ^ "Burkina Faso: Hotel siege ends; 22 killed, 126 people rescued". International Business Times, India Edition. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  65. ^ "UN peacekeeping base under attack in Mali". Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  66. ^ Reuters Editorial (11 February 2016). "Suspected Islamist militants kill three at Mali customs post". Reuters UK. Retrieved 16 March 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  67. ^ "UN peacekeepers killed in Mali base attack". Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  68. ^ "AQIM confirms death of former MUJAO spokesman". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  69. ^ Reuters Editorial (24 February 2016). "Gunmen kill three Mali soldiers in attack on checkpoint". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  70. ^ "French special forces target al Qaeda commanders in Mali". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  71. ^ Reuters Editorial (5 March 2016). "West Africa's Sahel nations to set up anti-Islamist units". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  72. ^ "Ansar Dine claims four attacks in Mali". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  73. ^ Reuters Editorial (10 March 2016). "North Mali Tuareg clans agree ceasefire to end feud". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  74. ^ Michael Pearson, Mariano Castillo, Tiffany Ap and Tim Hume, CNN (13 March 2016). "Ivory Coast attack: 16 killed as gunmen strike hotels - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 16 March 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ "Al Qaeda claims responsibility for Ivory Coast hotel shooting in which 16 'including four Europeans' killed at resort". Telegraph.co.uk. 14 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  76. ^ Reuters Editorial (14 March 2016). "Death toll in Ivory Coast militant attack rises to 18: government". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  77. ^ Ange Aboa (15 March 2016). "Al Qaeda says Ivory Coast attack was revenge against France". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  78. ^ "Ivory Coast on security alert after beach attack". Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  79. ^ "West Africa violence: France to deploy reaction force in Burkina Faso". BBC News. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  80. ^ "EU's military mission in Mali attacked by gunmen". the Guardian. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  81. ^ Dana Ford, CNN (21 March 2016). "EU training mission in Mali is attacked". CNN. Retrieved 13 May 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  82. ^ Reuters Editorial (22 March 2016). "Ivory Coast arrests 15, seeks leader of al Qaeda beach attack". Reuters. Retrieved 13 May 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  83. ^ Reuters Editorial (22 March 2016). "Ivory Coast names suspected leader of al Qaeda beach attack". Reuters. Retrieved 13 May 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  84. ^ Reuters Editorial (23 March 2016). "Mali arrests 21 after attack on EU military training mission". Reuters. Retrieved 13 May 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  85. ^ "Two arrested in Mali over Ivory Coast resort attack". english.alarabiya.net. 27 March 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  86. ^ a b c "Jihadists strike across northern Mali". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  87. ^ "Land mine blast in northern Mali kills three French soldiers". BBC News. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  88. ^ "Mali arrests suspected Bamako hotel attacks mastermind". BBC News. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  89. ^ "Mali : Un capitaine abattu par AQMI". 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
  90. ^ "Islamic State's Sahara branch claims first attack in Burkina Faso". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  91. ^ "World News: Three Malian troops killed in ambush". Gdnonline.com. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  92. ^ "Mali : un militaire et un civil assassinés par des jihadistes à Tombouctou, selon l'armée - JeuneAfrique.com" (in French). 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  93. ^ "UN Peacekeeper Killed in Mali Attack". Voanews.com. 2016-10-04. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  94. ^ "Mali : un Casque bleu tué et cinq blessés dans le Nord (Onu)". 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
  95. ^ "Niger : un camp de réfugiés maliens cible d'une attaque armée dans l'Ouest du pays - JeuneAfrique.com". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
  96. ^ "Fallece líder yihadista en Mali :: El Informador". Informador.com.mx. 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  97. ^ "Gunmen attack Burkina Faso's north, killing 3 soldiers". Fox News. 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  98. ^ "Islamic State in the Greater Sahara claims second attack in Burkina Faso". The Long War Journal. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  99. ^ "American aid worker abducted in Niger – News from". Al Jazeera. 2016-10-15. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  100. ^ "iTELE on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  101. ^ "Onu: esplosione in Mali, ucciso 'casco blu'. Cinque feriti gravi". Repubblica.it. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  102. ^ a b "Un militaire français succombe à ses blessures au Mali". Le Figaro (in French). 2016-11-05. ISSN 0182-5852. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  103. ^ "Mali: un casque bleu tué dans une nouvelle attaque contre la Minusma". RFI (in French). 2016-11-06. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
  104. ^ "UN peacekeeper killed, 7 other wounded in north Mali convoy attack". The Indian Express. 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  105. ^ "Mali: Un camp militaire attaqué par Ansar Dine à Gourma Rhaous, 6 véhicules détruits – Koaci Infos". Koaci.com. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  106. ^ "Un commando di 6 attentatori attacca un carcere in Mali, liberando 21 prigionieri – TPI". Tpi.it. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  107. ^ "Mali: Nouvelle attaque terroriste revendiquée par Al-Mourabitoune, deux soldats blessés – Koaci Infos". Koaci.com. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  108. ^ RFI (2015-10-27). "Mali: un poste de sécurité de l'armée attaqué au sud de Gao – RFI". Rfi. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  109. ^ "Burkina Faso: Deux morts dans une double attaque à Djibo". Koaci.com. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  110. ^ "Mali: les détenus de la prison de Niono s'évadent après une attaque – RFI". 6 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  111. ^ "Burkina Faso militant attack: Twelve soldiers killed". Reuters. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  112. ^ "Tiroteo en el centro de Mali deja un muerto". Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  113. ^ "11 Policemen Killed In Farah Attack – TOLOnews". Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  114. ^ "Burkina Faso: Un mort et un blessé lors d'une double attaque dans le sahel" (in French). Koaci. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  115. ^ "5 Malian soldiers killed in landmine explosion".
  116. ^ Agency, Anadolu (January 18, 2017). "Suicide car bombing kills 60 people in Mali". Daily Sabah.
  117. ^ Sieff, Kevin (January 18, 2017). "Truck bomb kills at least 60, including army troops, in northern Mali" – via washingtonpost.com.
  118. ^ lefigaro.fr (18 January 2017). "Mali: un groupe lié à al-Qaida revendique l'attentat de Gao".
  119. ^ "Mali : Somadougou : Attaque d'un poste de gendarmerie". 1 February 2017.
  120. ^ "Ménaka 4 militaires tués et 8 blessés lors d'une attaque ce matin". Studio TAMANI. 4 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  121. ^ "Mali: 4 Casques bleus blessés dans l'explosion d'une mine". Anadolu Agency. 5 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  122. ^ "Jihadists attack north Burkina Faso towns amid film festival". ABC News. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  123. ^ "Two dead in Burkina Faso 'jihadist' attack — News — The Guardian Nigeria". M.guardian.ng. 2017-03-03. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
  124. ^ "Mali: attaque meurtrière à Boulikessi, à la frontière avec le Burkina Faso – RFI". RFI Afrique (in French). Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  125. ^ "Niger: attaque meurtrière contre des gendarmes dans la région de Tillabéri – RFI". RFI Afrique (in French). Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  126. ^ "Terror Events on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  127. ^ "Mali : deux soldats et un civil tués à Boulikessi - JeuneAfrique.com". 29 March 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  128. ^ "French soldier killed in 'clash with terrorists' in Mali". France 24. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  129. ^ "Five dead in jihadist attack in Mali". France 24. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  130. ^ a b "Mali : attaque meurtrière contre l'armée dans le nord du pays – France 24". France 24 (in French). 2017-04-18. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
  131. ^ Lennart Dodoo. "FrontPageAfrica Newspaper – Liberian Peace-keeping Officer Killed in Mali – Army Not Deterred". frontpageafricaonline.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
  132. ^ Section, United Nations News Service (23 May 2017). "UN News – Two UN 'blue helmets' killed in attack in northern Mali". UN News Service Section. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  133. ^ "Three U.S. Soldiers Killed in Niger in Suspected Ambush". Reuters. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  134. ^ "Malian soldiers killed in al-Qaeda attack on army base". aljazeera.com. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  135. ^ "Dozens killed in ethnic violence in Burkina Faso". Jan 5, 2019. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019 – via af.reuters.com.
  136. ^ "Al Qaeda: Chad Peacekeepers' murder backlash for renewed ties with Israel – World News – Jerusalem Post". jpost.com. 20 January 2019. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  137. ^ "Five Burkina Faso gendarmes killed as 'terrorists' attack Oursi in the Sahel region". The Defense Post. Feb 6, 2019. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  138. ^ "Burkina Faso: Army kills dozens of alleged insurgents | The North Africa Journal". north-africa.com. 24 February 2019. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  139. ^ "Gunmen raid Mali military camp, 16 soldiers killed". africanews.com. 17 March 2019.
  140. ^ "Niger mourns 28 soldiers killed by militants near Mali". May 16, 2019. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  141. ^ "Incident Aerospatiale SA 341 Gazelle , 14 Jun 2019".
  142. ^ "Niger attack: Raid on army base kills 18 soldiers". BBC. 1 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  143. ^ "UN says 10 peacekeepers wounded by mine in northern Mali". ABCNews. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  144. ^ "Six Estonian Defence Forces members injured in Mali terrorist attack". ERR. July 23, 2019.
  145. ^ "Dozens of Burkina Faso troops killed in 'major terrorist attack'". Al Jazeera. August 21, 2019.
  146. ^ "Suspected jihadists kill five Malian troops in ambush". euronews. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  147. ^ "Mali: 3 soldats maliens et un assaillant tués". Sahel Intelligence. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  148. ^ "Mali : Mopti : "20 civils tués" dans l'explosion d'un bus entre Douentza et Boni". maliactu. 3 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  149. ^ "Dozens killed in 2 Burkina Faso attacks". Al Jazeera. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  150. ^ "Burkina Faso police killed in Soum ambush". The Defense Post. Sep 10, 2019. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  151. ^ "Burkina: Five soldiers killed in ambush". apanews.net. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  152. ^ AFP, avec (Sep 23, 2019). "Neuf civils tués dans deux attaques au nord du Burkina Faso". Ouest-France.fr. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  153. ^ "Six civils tués dans trois villages au Burkina Faso". BBC News Afrique. Sep 25, 2019. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  154. ^ "Dix-sept morts dans des attaques au Burkina Faso". BBC News Afrique. Sep 29, 2019. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019.
  155. ^ "Mali government says death toll from double attack rises to 38". Reuters. Oct 3, 2019. Retrieved Oct 17, 2019 – via reuters.com.
  156. ^ "Burkina: six personnes tuées dans le Bam au Centre-nord". WakatSera (in French). 1 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  157. ^ "Several killed in attack on Burkina Faso gold mine site". Al Jazeera. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  158. ^ "Mali: UN peacekeeper killed, 5 injured in attacks in Aguelhok and Bandiagara". The Defense Post. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  159. ^ "Niger : deux militaires tués lors d'une attaque dans une zone jusqu'alors épargnée par le terrorisme". Le Monde (in French). 8 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  160. ^ "16 killed in Burkina Faso mosque attack: Security sources". Al Arabiya. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  161. ^ "Five officers killed by armed group in Niger". Al Arabiya. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  162. ^ "French tourist stabbed to death in Tunisia". XinhuaNet. 19 October 2019. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  163. ^ "Sixteen killed in Burkina Faso in suspected jihadist attack". Reuters. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  164. ^ "Militants kill 54 in attack on Mali army post; IS claims responsibility". Reuters. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  165. ^ "ISIS claims deadly attack on Mali army, as well as killing of French soldier". Al Arabiya. 3 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  166. ^ "Burkina Faso parliament member killed in Sahel region". Al Jazeera. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  167. ^ "Burkina Faso: 37 killed in attack on Canadian mining convoy". Al Jazeera. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  168. ^ "At least 30 soldiers killed in attack in northern Mali". aa.com. 19 November 2019.
  169. ^ "13 more bodies of soldiers found days after Mali attack". Al Arabiya. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  170. ^ "13 French soldiers killed in mid-air helicopter collision in Mali". Al Jazeera. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  171. ^ "At least 14 killed in attack on Burkina Faso church". Reuters. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  172. ^ a b "Scores of soldiers killed in Niger base attack". Al Jazeera. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  173. ^ "Macron says 33 'terrorists' killed by French forces in Mali". Al Arabiya. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  174. ^ "France's first drone strike kills seven fighters in Mali". Al Jazeera. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  175. ^ "Thirty-five civilians killed in Burkina Faso after army repels militant attack". Al Arabiya. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  176. ^ "Burkina Faso mourns dozens of victims after double attack". Al Jazeera. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  177. ^ "Second deadly attack in Burkina Faso as global condemnation grows". Al Jazeera. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  178. ^ "Fourteen troops killed in Niger ambush". Al Jazeera. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  179. ^ "Children among 14 dead in Burkina roadside bombing". Al Arabiya English. January 4, 2020.
  180. ^ "Five soldiers killed in Mali roadside attack". aljazeera.com.
  181. ^ "63 'terrorists', 25 others killed in Niger army base attack: Defense ministry". Al Arabiya English. January 10, 2020.
  182. ^ "UN envoy: 'Devastating surge' of attacks in Sahel and West Africa". aljazeera.com.
  183. ^ "Death toll in Niger army base attack 'rises to 89'". Al Jazeera. 12 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  184. ^ "36 civilians killed in attack in northern Burkina Faso". Al Arabiya. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  185. ^ a b "Armed men kill six Malian soldiers". Al Jazeera. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  186. ^ a b "More than a dozen civilians killed in latest Burkina Faso attack". Al Jazeera. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  187. ^ "19 Malian soldiers killed by armed men: Military". Al Jazeera. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  188. ^ "Gunmen attack army camp killing 20 Mali soldiers". Al Arabiya. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  189. ^ "French defense ministry to send 600 more troops to Africa's Sahel". Al Arabiya. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  190. ^ "11 civilians killed in extremist-hit Niger: Officials". Al Arabiya. 8 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  191. ^ "French soldiers kill more than 30 fighters in Mali operations". Al Jazeera. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  192. ^ a b "Dozens killed in attacks in central Mali". Al Jazeera. 15 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  193. ^ "Dozens killed in church attack in Burkina Faso". Al Jazeera. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  194. ^ "French soldier dies while on duty in Burkina Faso". Al Arabiya. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  195. ^ "African Union to deploy 3,000 troops in restive Sahel region". Al Jazeera. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  196. ^ "Dozens killed in attacks on Burkina Faso villages". Al Jazeera. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  197. ^ "Foreign couple kidnapped in Burkina Faso in 2018 'found alive'". Al Jazeera. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  198. ^ "Mali: Dozens of soldiers killed in Tarkint base attack". Al Jazeera. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  199. ^ "Mali opposition leader Soumaila Cisse being held hostage: Party". Al Jazeera. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  200. ^ a b "Malian parliamentary elections marred by kidnappings, attacks". Al Jazeera. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  201. ^ "Dozens of Malian soldiers killed in attack on military base". Al Jazeera. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  202. ^ "Chad to stop participating in regional fight against armed groups". Al Jazeera. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  203. ^ "Burkina Faso security forces executed unarmed detainees: HRW". Al Jazeera. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  204. ^ "French foreign legion soldier dies after being wounded in Mali by 'terrorist groups'". Al Arabiya. 2 May 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  205. ^ "Twenty killed in attacks on several villages in western Niger". Al Jazeera. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  206. ^ "Three UN troops killed in roadside bomb attack in Mali". Al Jazeera. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  207. ^ "Burkina Faso: Army kills 20 terrorists near border". Anadolu Agency. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  208. ^ "Many killed in central Mali ethnic attacks: Officials". aljazeera. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  209. ^ a b "More than a dozen killed in northern Burkina Faso attack". Al Jazeera. 30 May 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  210. ^ "Dozens killed in separate Burkina Faso attacks". Al Jazeera. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  211. ^ "Around 30 killed in extremist attack on eastern Burkina Faso town". Al Arabiya. 31 May 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  212. ^ "Civilians killed as attackers storm Niger refugee camp". Al Jazeera. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  213. ^ "French army kills al-Qaeda North Africa chief Abdelmalek Droukdel in Mali". Al Arabiya. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  214. ^ a b "Mali orders probe into killings of 43 civilians in two villages". Al Jazeera. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  215. ^ "At least 10 soldiers killed in attack on Ivory Coast border post". Al Jazeera. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  216. ^ "Two UN peacekeepers killed in northern Mali attack". Al Jazeera. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  217. ^ "Dozens of troops 'dead or missing' in northwest Mali attack". Al Jazeera. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  218. ^ "Armed group abducts 10 aid workers in southwestern Niger". Al Jazeera. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  219. ^ "Attackers on motorbikes kill 32 Malian villagers, local officials say". Reuters. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  220. ^ "Nine Mali soldiers killed in ambush: Army". Al Jazeera. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  221. ^ "Mayor, Soldiers Among Eight Killed in Burkina Faso Attack". The Defense Post. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  222. ^ "'Killing field': At least 180 bodies discovered in Burkina Faso". Al Jazeera. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  223. ^ "Villagers killed in central Mali as mediators seek to restore stability". Reuters. 16 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  224. ^ "Two troops killed in eastern Burkina attack". Macau Business. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  225. ^ "French soldier killed in Mali combat operations: Elysee". Reuters. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  226. ^ "Mali : l'armée subit de nouvelles pertes en pleine crise politique". maliweb.net (in French). 3 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  227. ^ "Gunmen kill more than a dozen in attack in eastern Burkina Faso". Al Jazeera. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  228. ^ "Six French tourists among eight killed by gunmen in southwestern Niger". Al Arabiya. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  229. ^ "Mali : 10 soldats dont un sous-lieutenant tués dans une embuscade près de Nara". KOACI (in French). 4 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  230. ^ "France says two of its soldiers killed in Mali". Al Arabiya. 6 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  231. ^ "Jihadists kill 6 civil militia fighters in Burkina: Mayor – Africa – World". Ahram Online.
  232. ^ "UN says attack in Burkina Faso kills 25 people". WTOP. October 7, 2020.
  233. ^ Diallo, Tiemoko (October 13, 2020). "Suspected jihadists kill 25 in central Mali attacks". Reuters – via uk.reuters.com.
  234. ^ "Twenty Killed in Northern Burkina Faso Attacks, Says Government". usnews.com. 15 October 2020.
  235. ^ "At least 14 soldiers killed in Burkina Faso ambush". aa.com. 13 November 2020.
  236. ^ "Explosive kills 3 French army soldiers on mission in Mali". The Independent. December 28, 2020.
  237. ^ Saley, Omar Hama; Maclean, Ruth (January 3, 2021). "100 Civilians Are Reported Dead After Attacks in Niger". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
  238. ^ "Two French soldiers killed in Mali: French presidency". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  239. ^ "At least 20 killed in central Mali airstrike, witnesses say". Global News. Archived from the original on 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  240. ^ "At Least 6 Killed in Northern Burkina Faso Attack". January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
  241. ^ "Four UN peacekeepers killed, five wounded in attack in Mali". UN News. Jan 14, 2021. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved Feb 3, 2021.
  242. ^ "At least 9 soldiers killed in latest central Mali attack". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  243. ^ "Fifty-Eight Killed in 'Barbarous' Niger Attacks Near Mali Border". The Defense Post. 2021-03-17. Archived from the original on 2021-09-26. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  244. ^ "Attackers on trucks and motorbikes raid Mali base, kill 33 troops". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  245. ^ "137 Killed in Niger's Deadliest Suspected Jihadist Massacre". The Defense Post. 2021-03-23. Archived from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  246. ^ "Gunmen on motorbikes raid Niger villages, kill at least 137". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-22. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  247. ^ a b "Sixteen soldiers killed in western Niger ambush". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  248. ^ "Spotlight on Global Jihad (March 25 – April 7, 2021)". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 2021-04-08. Archived from the original on 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  249. ^ "Deux soldats tchadiens de la force du G5 Sahel tués au Mali". rfi.fr (in French). 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  250. ^ "Irish wildlife conservationist killed in Burkina Faso attack". Reuters. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  251. ^ "Spanish reporters, Irish campaigner killed in Burkina Faso ambush". Al Jazeera. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  252. ^ Byrne, Luke; Schiller, Robin; Moloney, Eoghan (28 April 2021). "Irishman shot dead in Burkina Faso ambush previously survived jihadi attack". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  253. ^ Hayden, Sally (27 April 2021). "Irish wildlife activist killed in Burkina Faso with two journalists". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  254. ^ Los periodistas españoles David Beriáin y Roberto Fraile mueren en un ataque armado en Burkina Faso Archived 2022-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, El Mundo, 27-4-2021
  255. ^ "Spotlight on Global Jihad (April 22–29, 2021)". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 2021-05-02. Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  256. ^ "'30 dead' in attack in eastern Burkina Faso". News24. Archived from the original on 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  257. ^ "Spotlight on Global Jihad (April 30 – May 5, 2021)". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 2021-05-06. Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  258. ^ "Spotlight on Global Jihad (May 19–26, 2021)". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 2021-05-27. Archived from the original on 2021-10-24. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  259. ^ "WARNING – GRAPHIC: ISIS Executes Christians Arrested At Checkpoint In The Mali, Niger, Sahel Area". MEMRI. Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  260. ^ "Spotlight on Global Jihad (June 2–9, 2021)". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 2021-06-10. Archived from the original on 2021-09-09. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  261. ^ "Burkina Faso says 11 police officers killed in ambush, 4 missing". Al Jazeera. June 22, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  262. ^ Diallo, Tiemoko (June 25, 2021). "Thirteen peacekeepers wounded, six soldiers killed in Mali militant attacks". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  263. ^ "Burkina Attack Leaves 10 Dead, Including 7 Defense Volunteers". The Defense Post. 2021-07-13. Archived from the original on 2021-09-26. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  264. ^ "30 Killed in Attacks in Burkina Faso: Official Toll". The Defense Post. 6 August 2021. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  265. ^ "Suspected Jihadists Kill More Than 40 in Mali Village Attacks". The Defense Post. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  266. ^ "Fifteen People Killed in Western Niger Attack". The Defense Post. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  267. ^ "17 Jihadists, Five Defense Volunteers Killed in Burkina Attacks". The Defense Post. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  268. ^ "French soldier killed in Mali in clash with armed terrorist group". France24. 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  269. ^ "Sixteen Soldiers Killed in Central Mali Attack". The Defense Post. 7 October 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  270. ^ "French soldier killed in Mali 'accident', defence minister says". France24. 13 October 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  271. ^ "British troops shoot Isis jihadis in Mali — first killings by regular UK forces since 2014". TheIndependent. 20 October 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  272. ^ "Three Burkina Troops Killed in Attack Near Ivorian Border". The Defense Post. 27 October 2021. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  273. ^ "Niger declares two days of mourning after nearly 70 killed". AlJazeera. Archived from the original on 2022-05-30. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  274. ^ "Burkina attack death toll rises to 32 in security forces' worst loss yet". Reuters. 15 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-04-05. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  275. ^ "French soldier killed in attack on military camp in northern Mali". France24. 23 January 2022.
  276. ^ "Attack on vehicle kills 35 civilians in northern Burkina Faso". Reuters. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  277. ^ Sy, Lalla; Macaulay, Cecilia (28 September 2022). "Burkina Faso attack: 11 soldiers killed in ambush". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  278. ^ a b "Burkina Faso says 28 soldiers, civilians killed in rebel attacks". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  279. ^ "Burkina Faso gunmen kill 15 Nigerian pilgrims bound for Senegal". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  280. ^ "Africanews | Mali: Two police officers, one gendarme killed in latest attack". Africanews. 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  281. ^ "Suspected Militants Kill 10 Niger Soldiers, Defense Ministry Says". voanews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  282. ^ "Jihadist ambush in Burkina Faso kills 51 soldiers". Le Monde.fr. 20 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  283. ^ "Dozens killed in 'barbaric' Burkina Faso attacks". BBC News. 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  284. ^ "Forty dead in attack on army and volunteers in north Burkina Faso". Reuters. 2023-04-16. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  285. ^ "Ten killed, dozens wounded in central Mali attack". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  286. ^ "Attack on Burkina Faso military post kills at least 33 soldiers". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  287. ^ "33 Civilians Killed in Burkina Faso Attack, Governor Says". voanews.com. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  288. ^ AFP, Staff Writer With (2023-06-02). "Burkina Faso Says 50 Jihadists Killed in Attack on Convoy". The Defense Post. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  289. ^ "Burkina Faso: Assailants kill at least 21 people during attack in Sawenga, Center-East Region, June 5". Burkina Faso: Assailants kill at least 21 people during attack in Sawenga, Center-East Region, June 5 | Crisis24. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  290. ^ "Attack in northern Mali kills UN peacekeeper, seriously injures 8". PBS NewsHour. 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  291. ^ "Africanews | Burkina: at least 34 soldiers and army auxiliaries killed in an attack". Africanews. 2023-06-28. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  292. ^ Lewis, David; Mcallister, Edward (2023-06-27). "U.N. peacekeeping mission in Mali set to end on June 30". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  293. ^ "Mali asks UN to withdraw its peacekeeping mission 'without delay'". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  294. ^ Mohamed, Hamza. "Analysis: What's next for Mali after MINUSMA withdrawal?". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  295. ^ "Civilians Killed in Burkina Faso in Suspected Militant Attack". voanews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  296. ^ "5 Killed in Suspected Jihadi Attack in Niger". voanews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  297. ^ "Africanews | Mali: soldiers killed in a jihadist ambush near Niger". Africanews. 2023-08-04. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
  298. ^ "Islamic State Claims 16 Soldiers Dead in Mali Attack". voanews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  299. ^ "Around 20 Killed in Burkina Faso Suspected Terror Attack". voanews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  300. ^ Madowo, Chris Liakos,Sophie Tanno,Martin Goillandeau,Larry (2023-08-10). "Niger: ECOWAS call for deployment 'to restore constitutional order' in Niger". CNN. Retrieved 2023-08-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  301. ^ "Six Malian Soldiers Killed in Attack, Says Army". voanews.com. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
  302. ^ Report, Agency (2023-08-16). "17 Niger soldiers killed in attack near Mali — Ministry". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  303. ^ "At least 21 civilians killed in central Mali attack - sources". Reuters. 2023-08-19. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  304. ^ "23 People Killed, 12 Wounded in Central Mali Attack". voanews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  305. ^ "African Union Suspends Niger Over Coup as 12 Troops Die in New Attack". The Defense Post. 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
  306. ^ "Five killed in 'terrorist' attack in Burkina Faso". Le Monde.fr. 2023-09-02. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
  307. ^ "53 Members of Burkina Security Forces Killed in Suspected Jihadist Attack: Army". The Defense Post. 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  308. ^ "Suicide Attack on Mali Army Base Day After Deadly Strikes". The Defense Post. 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
  309. ^ "At least 10 Malian soldiers killed in latest attack in hard-hit northern region". AP News. 2023-09-12. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  310. ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Burkina Faso Attack Kills Eight Civilians". barrons.com. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
  311. ^ "Deadly mortar attack on historic city of Timbuktu". BBC News. 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
  312. ^ "Jihadist attack kills five in Mali's Timbuktu". news.com.au.
  313. ^ "Burkina Faso junta says it thwarted coup attempt". Reuters. 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
  314. ^ "Burkina Faso's military rulers say coup attempt foiled, plotters arrested". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
  315. ^ "Niger attack: Soldiers killed by hundreds of jihadists in Kandadji". BBC News. 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  316. ^ "A dozen soldiers killed after rebel attack in southwest Niger". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  317. ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Mali Separatists Claim Deadly Attack Against Army". barrons.com. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  318. ^ "Niger declares mourning after dozens of soldiers killed in attack near Mali". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  319. ^ "France starts pulling soldiers out of Niger". POLITICO. 2023-10-05. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
  320. ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Six Troops Killed In New Niger Fighting". barrons.com. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  321. ^ "4 civilian drivers wounded in attack on UN peacekeeping convoy in Mali-Xinhua". english.news.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  322. ^ AFP, Staff Writer With (2023-11-02). "UN Peacekeepers Wounded in Mali Blast: Spokesman". The Defense Post. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  323. ^ "Mali: 15 UN peacekeepers injured as rebels target convoy – DW – 11/04/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
  324. ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "UN Says 22 More Peacekeepers Injured In Mali Withdrawal". barrons.com. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  325. ^ "At least 70 killed in attack on northern Burkina Faso village on Nov. 5 -prosecutor". Reuters. 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  326. ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Strikes Kill Six In Key Mali Town Of Kidal: Witnesses". barrons.com. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  327. ^ "14 dead following drone strikes near Malian rebel stronghold | Fox News". foxnews.com. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  328. ^ "Suspected Islamic extremists holding about 30 ethnic Dogon men hostage after bus raid, leader says". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  329. ^ "Mali: One Journalist killed, two others kidnapped / IFJ". ifj.org. 2023-11-14. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  330. ^ "15 reported killed in 'simultaneous' Burkina weekend attacks". The Times of India. 2023-11-21. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  331. ^ "Dozens killed in attack by armed groups in Burkina Faso, UN says". France 24. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  332. ^ "Jihadists' Attack In Burkina Faso Claims Several Soldiers As Army Kills Over 400 Fighters | Sahara Reporters". saharareporters.com. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  333. ^ "Mali opens terror probe into jihadists, ethnic separatists amid deteriorating security". France 24. 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  334. ^ "Burkina Faso Rights Defender Abducted". voanews.com. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  335. ^ "Africanews | Mali: the army claims to have repelled 4 jihadist attacks". Africanews. 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  336. ^ "Dozens Killed in Double Attack on Mali Army Camp and Village". US News. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  337. ^ "Trois morts et une femme grièvement blessée dans l'explosion d'un engin explosif improvisé à Barassoro". Mali Actu (in French). 13 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  338. ^ "Leader of al-Qaeda-linked group in Sahel announces new Jihad phase against juntas". WION. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  339. ^ a b c "'Dozens' Killed in Week of Burkina Faso Attacks: Security Sources". VOA News. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  340. ^ a b "Ministry: Eleven Villagers Die in Niger Attack". VOA News. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  341. ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Niger Regime Admits 'Civilian Victims' After Air Assault". Barron's. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  342. ^ "22 People Killed In Attack In Western Niger: Local Sources". Barron's. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  343. ^ "Mali's Tuareg Separatists Accuse Army, Wagner Of 7 Civilian Deaths". Barron's. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  344. ^ "At least 15 dead in Burkina Faso church attack". BBC News. 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  345. ^ "Dozens dead after mosque attack in southern Burkina Faso, sources say". Al Jazeera. 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  346. ^ "Burkina Faso army massacred 223 villagers in revenge attack, says HRW". 2024-04-25. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  347. ^ "Civilians seeking shelter were killed by drone strike in town in Gao region". Amnesty International. 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  348. ^ "At least 23 Niger soldiers killed in ambush, defence ministry says". Reuters. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  349. ^ Nova, Redazione Agenzia (2024-04-03). "Burkina Faso, new attack by al Qaeda militiamen: at least 73 deaths among civilians, soldiers and enlisted volunteers". Agenzia Nova. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  350. ^ "Mali kills IS commander blamed for US deaths - state TV". BBC News. 2024-04-30. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  351. ^ "Al Qaeda affiliate claims responsibility for Burkina attack this month, SITE Intelligence Group says". Reuters. 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  352. ^ Brottem, Leif (2022-09-23). "Jihad Takes Root in Northern Benin". ACLED. Retrieved 2024-05-15.