On 6 September 2023 the European Commission designated for the first time six gatekeepers - Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, Microsoft - under the Digital Markets Act (DMA). On 29 April 2024, the Commission designated Apple with respect to its iPadOS, its operating system for tablets, as a gatekeeper under the DMA. On 13 May 2024, the Commission also designated under the DMA, Booking as a gatekeeper for its online intermediation service Booking.com. In total, 24 core platform services provided by those gatekeepers have been designated.
