Optic disc edema/papilledema: a clinical profile.
INTRODUCTIONPapilledema is a term introduced by Parson to indicate passive edema of the optic disc associated with Increased Intracranial Pressure (IICP). (1) Optic nerve swelling from etiology other than IICP is known as optic disc edema. Causes include congenital arteriovenous aneurysm, cerebral tumor, spinal cord tumor, pseudotumour cerebri, congenital hydrocephalus with trauma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, vascular hypertension, albuminuric retinitis, inflammatory meningeal and cerebral involvement with orbital involvement with ocular involvement with sinusitis and in blood dyscrasias. (2) relatively common cause of papilloedema is increased intracranial hypertension. (3) Papilloedema may be observed at almost any age. (4) most cases of papilledema are bilateral. (5) the optic nerve head appearance can be asymmetric. Papilledema is relatively uncommon in infant due to lack of fusion of skull bone. Any reported unilateral papilledema should be observed and examined thoroughly.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The present study is a non-randomized prospective case series being conducted in the patients with disc oedema/ papilloedema attending OPD and referred from other Departments to Regional Institute of Ophthalmology (RIO), Gandhi Medical College and associated Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal, from Jan 2013-Sept 2014.
Inclusion Criteria
Patients with disc oedema/papilloedema.
Exclusion Criteria
Patients with no disc oedema/papilloedema. All the patients were evaluated with special reference to:
1. Detailed personal history including name of patient, age, sex, address, socioeconomic status.
Symptoms including headache, nausea, vomiting, altered consciousness associated with duration of symptoms, Other risk factors like head injury, brain tumor, ocular infection, past history of ocular infection, surgery, trauma, drug history, recent relevant test report with date.
2. Thorough ophthalmic examination including:
a) Assessment of visual acuity on Snellen's chart and near vision.
b) Relative afferent pupillary defect-by swing flash light examination.
c) Colour vision is done by Ishihara's chart.
3. Intra ocular pressure-recorded with Schiotz indentation tonometer.
4. Slit lamp examination.
5. Optic disc evaluation: Using +78D/+90D Condensing lens, Following details were noted:
DISC, Cup size, Color of the disc, Cup:Disc ratio, Cup disc asymmetry between two eyes, Blurring of the disc margins, Hemorrhage over disc, Tortuosity of vein, Venous pulsation-in normal eye venous pulsation is present, if it is absent and not appear on pressing the globe it is indication of papilledema.
6. Fundus evaluation with indirect ophthalmoscope and +90 D slit lamp examination.
7. Investigations include blood, serum lipid profile, thyroid test, CSF, chest X-ray in specific cases.
8. General examination.
9. Neurology reference-In Neurosurgery Department, Hamidia Hospital, G.M.C. Bhopal.
10. MRI and CT Scan- It is done in Radiology Department, GMC, Bhopal.
11. Lumbar puncture-to check opening pressure as well as CSF biochemistry and microbiology. A thorough examination of patient was done at the time of presentation to obtain a baseline data against, which further papilledema and followup examination was compared with.
12. Fundus photography
Significant number of cases of raised ICP are primarily diagnosed on the basis of ophthalmoscopic finding of papilloedema and then confirmed by other investigations. In the present study, we will be evaluating the clinical profile of the patients of disc edema with special reference to Papilledema to highlight the role and significance of fundus evaluation at various stages and its clinical correlation.
OBSERVATIONS
Most commonly affected age group was between 21-30 years in which 32% case are observed, least common affected age group was 51-60 yr. in which 6% cases are observed.
In this study, 70% case of bilateral (Papilloedema) and 30% case of unilateral disc edema were observed.
In this study out of 50 patients, 30% patients were of local cause in which 22% cases were of optic neuropathy followed by 6% cases of AION in age group of 51-60 year followed by 2% case of BRAO in age group of 41-50 year.
In this study out of 50 patients, 24% cases of ICSOL in systemic causes followed by 12% cases of meningitis, 10% cases of malignant hypertension, 8% cases of drug history, 6% cases of malaria and 2% case each of diabetes, pseudotumor cerebri, anaemia, encephalopathy and head injury.
Most common presenting complaint was headache in 70% cases followed by diminution of vision in 50% cases, nausea and vomiting in 48% cases, lateral rectus palsy and diplopia in 4% cases.
In radiological findings ICSOL observed in 70.58% cases followed by 11.76% cases of sinusitis followed by 5.88% case each venous thrombosis, demyelination and infarction.
DISCUSSION
In this prospective non-interventional study we found following observation according to:
Age and Sex
Most commonly affected age group was between 21-30 years in which 32% cases are observed, followed by 24% cases were between age group of 11-20yr. followed by 16% cases were between age group of 31-40yr. followed by 12% cases were between age group of 0-10yr. ; 10% cases between age group of 41-50yr. and 6% in the age group of 51-60 and least commonly affected age group was between 51-60 were 6% cases are observed.
In our study 42% affected were males and 58% females. The male:female ratio was 3:4.1. In this study we found papilledema in every age group. According to Frank B. Walsh. (4) papilledema may be observed in any age.
Laterality
In this study 70% cases of bilateral. (5) (papilloedema) and 30% cases of unilateral disc oedema were observed. Optic neuropathy, AION and BRAO accounted for unilateral cases of disc edema in this study.
ICSOL, meningitis, malignant hypertension, drug history, malaria, diabetes, pseudotumor cerebri, anaemia, encephalopathy and head injury accounted for bilateral cases of disc oedema/papilledema in this study.
Local Causes
In this study out of 50 patients, 30% patient were of local cause in which 22% cases were of optic neuropathy followed by 6% cases of AION in age group of 51-60 years followed by 2% cases of BRAO in age group of 41-50 years.
Optic Neuropathy
The most common age group affected was 11-20yr. (4 cases) and most common cause of optic neuropathy in this age group was maxillary sinusitis in 2 cases followed by one case each of optic nerve glioma, demyelination. This study coincides with study of A. Veselinovic et al. (6) who reported optic neuritis in case of sinusitis.
This study coincide with the study of Rush JA, et al. (7) who also found optic neuropathy in a case of optic nerve glioma in this age group in his study. Frank B. Walsh. (8) states that optic neuritis (bilateral) may occur in demyelinating diseases. The second most common age group of optic neuropathy was 31-40yr. (3 cases) and the cause of optic neuropathy was optic neuritis.
This study coincides with the study of Lee EK. (9) et al. who also stated that the cause of optic neuritis is idiopathic in most of the case in this age group. The third most common age group of optic neuropathy were 21-30yr. (2 cases) and the cause of optic neuropathy was optic neuritis. The cause of optic neuropathy in age group of 0-10yr. was optic neuritis due to viral fever.
Aion
The second most common local cause of optic disc edema was AION 6% cases between age group of 50-60 years of age.
This study coincide with the study of Hattenhauer MG. (10) et al which state that non-arteritic AION is commonly found above 50yr. of age.
Brao
The third most common cause of optic disc edema is BRAO in 2% cases in age group of 41-50yr.
Systemic Causes
In this study out of 50 patients, 24% cases of ICSOL in systemic causes followed by 12% cases of meningitis, 10% cases of malignant hypertension, 8% cases of drug history, 6% cases of malaria and 2% cases each of diabetes, pseudotumor cerebri, anaemia, encephalopathy and head injury.
ICSOL
Twelve cases of ICSOL are observed in this study in systemic causes; 4 each in age groups of 11-20yr., 21-30yr. and 31-40yr. The cause of ICSOL in the age group 11-20yr. was cerebellar neoplasm, frontal glioma, tuberculoma and choroid plexus papilloma. This study coincides with study of Patons. (11) 1909 who also found papilledema in cerebellar tumour and frontal tumour.
This study coincide with study of Kampherstein. (12) 1905 who found that a solitary tuberculoma produce papilledema. This study coincides with study of Gradin et al. (13) who also found similar case of choroid plexus papilloma.
The causes of ICSOL in age group 21-30yr. were superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, neoplastic growth in brain, posterior fossa tumor, venous infarct in brain. This study coincides with study of Macken P. (14) who reported two cases of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis having papilloedema.
This study coincide with study of Gowers. (15) 1904-According to him tumour (ICSOL) of the brain is the commonest cause and 80% of these are associated with the papilloedema. Most common cause of ICSOL in this age group 31-40yr. was meningioma, frontal lobe tumor, posterior fossa meningioma and cystic glioma involving fronto-parietal region. This study coincides with study of Patons. (16) 1909 who also found papilledema in similar case.
Meningitis
In this study, 4 cases of meningitis in age group 21-30 years were found in which papilledema were observed. This study coincides with study of Roh JK. (17) who studied on TBM patient in age 15-73yr. and stated that 12% patient had papilledema. Two cases of meningitis in age group of 0-10yr. were noted in which papilledema was observed. This study coincide with study of Levy J. (18) who reported papilledema in similar case of meningitis.
Malignant Hypertension
In this study, 5 cases of MHT in age group of 21-30 yr. were observed. The cause of malignant hypertension in this age group (21-30yr.) is chronic renal failure in 3/5 (60%) and 2/5 (40%) cases are eclampsia (Toxemia of pregnancy).
This study coincides with study of Mary F. Schottstaedt. (19) et al. who also found papilledema in MHT and toxemia of pregnancy.
Drug History
In this study, 1 case of drug history (Salicylate) was observed in age group 11-20yr. This study coincide with study of Greer et al. (20) 1965 who also said that use of salicylate may produce papilledema.
Two cases of drug history (Antidepressant, antipsychotic) were observed in age group 41-45yr. This study coincide with study of Blumberg and Klein. (21) 1961 also said that use of tranquilizer may cause papilledema. One case of drug history (Hypervitaminosis-A) was observed in age group 31-40yr.
One case of pseudotumor cerebri was observed in age group 21-30yr. having papilledema.
This study coincides with study of Brosh K, et al. (22) who also found a case of pseudotumor cerebri in this age group having papilledema.
Head Injury
One case of head injury in age group 31-40yr. was observed having papilledema.
This study coincides with study Dany, et al. (23) 19 28 who also found similar case of head injury.
Anaemia
In systemic causes, 1 case of anaemia in age group 11-20yr. was observed having papilledema.
This study coincides with study of Biousse V, et al. (24) who also found papilledema in anaemia.
Malaria
In systemic causes, 3 cases of malaria in age group 11-20yr. (2 cases) and 0-10yr. (1 cases) were observed.
This study coincide with study of Smith A, et al. (25) who also found papilledema in patient suffering from malaria.
Encephalitis
One case of encephalitis in age group 0-10yr. was observed. Sign and Symptom
In this study, Diminution of Vision (DOV) occur in 50% of cases. Majority of case DOV were due to local cause due to optic neuropathy, AION, BRAO. In systemic cause DOV were due to malignant hypertension, diabetes, ICSOL (Due to ICT Lead to papilledema. Visual loss generally does not occur in papilledema, visual loss only occurs in papilledema when optic atrophy start).
In this study headache occur in 70% of cases and mostly in patient with papilledema. Transient obscuration of vision in 16% of cases and lateral rectus palsy (Tubercular meningitis and optic nerve glioma) and diplopia (Tubercular meningitis and optic nerve glioma) in 4% of cases.
This study coincides with study of Schirmer CM. (26) et al. in which state that Visual symptoms in papilledema can lead to permanent visual loss if left untreated.
This study coincide with study of Jackson. (27) 1873-Suggest that transient attack of blurring of vision or even blindness in papilledema is cortical in origin.
This study coincide with study of Leber. (28) 1877--Suggest that transient attack of blurring of vision or even blindness in papilledema is due to sudden pressure from the third ventricle through the infundibulum upon the chiasma.
This study coincide with study of Harms. (29) 1906-Suggest that transient attack of blurring of vision or even blindness in papilledema is due to temporary spasm of the retinal arteries. This study coincides with study of Paton. (30) 1909- Gave opinion that premonitory attacks are commonest with cerebellar tumor suggest that pressure by an internal hydrocephalus may be responsible for transient blurring of vision.
This study coincides with study of Sergott RC. (31) states that headaches associated with papilledema may be life-threatening as well as vision-threatening. This study coincide with study of Roh JK. (17) 1983 who observed lateral rectus palsy in his study.
Radiological Investigation
In radiological study ICSOL is observed in 70.58% cases, followed by 11.76% cases of sinusitis followed by 5.88% cases each venous thrombosis, demyelination and infarction.
Summary
Observations can be summarized as under:
* Most commonly affected age group was between 21-30 years in which 32% cases.
* Least commonly affected age group were between age group of 51-60yr. in which 6% cases.
* 42% affected were males and 58% females. The male:female ratio was 3:4.1.
* In this study out of 50 patients, 30% patients of local cause and 70% cases were of systemic causes.
* Amongst local causes, most common cause was optic neuropathy in 22% cases.
* Amongst systemic causes most common cause was ICSOL in 24% cases.
* In local causes, majority of cases of optic neuropathy in this age group 11-20yr. and causes were sinusitis followed by optic nerve glioma and demyelination each.
* The second most common local cause of optic disc oedema were AION 6% cases between 50-60 years of age.
* The third most common local cause of optic disc oedema was BRAO in 2% cases in age group of 41-50yr.
* In this study, 24% cases of ICSOL in systemic causes followed by 12% cases of meningitis followed by 10% cases of malignant hypertension followed by 8% cases of drug history followed by 6% cases of malaria followed by 2% cases of each diabetes, pseudotumor cerebri, anaemia, encephalopathy and head injury.
* Most common presenting complaint was headache in 70% cases followed by DOV in 50 %cases, nausea and vomiting in 48 %cases, LR palsy and Diplopia in 4 %cases.
* In this study in radiological finding ICSOL is observed in 760.58% cases followed by 11.76% cases of sinusitis followed by 5.88% case each venous thrombosis, demyelination and infarction.
CONCLUSION
* Papilledema/disc oedema most commonly affected age group 11-20 years.
* Females outnumbered males in the ratio of 4.1:3.
* B/L cases were more common than U/L cases.
* Optic neuropathy accounted for most common local cause of unilateral disc oedema.
* ICSOL was most common systemic cause of papilledema.
* Headache was the most common presenting complaint.
* On radiological investigations, most common finding was ICSOL observed followed by sinusitis followed by venous thrombosis, demyelination and infarction.
* LR palsy and diplopia each were found in 4% cases of disc edema.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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(6.) Aleksandar Veselinovic, Maja Zivkovic, et al. Optic neuritis and sinusitis; Eur J Ophthalmol 2011; DOI:10.5301/EJO.2011.7893.
(7.) Rush JA; Younge BR; Campbell RJ; MacCarty CS. Ophthalmology [1982;89(11):1213-1219].
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(9.) Lee EK; Jin KH; Kim SM. Disorder of the optic nerve; Age Group Unspecified; Optic Neuritis; Visual; Clinical Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 1991;32(5):389-396.
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(13.) Wesley C Gradin, MD; Charles Taylon, MD; Alan H Fruin, MD. Choroid Plexus Papilloedema of the Third Ventricle, (Neurosurgery 12:217-220, 1983).
(14.) Macken P, Arora A, Hipwell G, et al. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis- an unexpected cause of papilloedema. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1992 Nov; 20(4):337-42.
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(25.) Smith A, Beare NA, Musumba CO, et al. New classification of acute papilledema in children with severe malaria. J Pediatr Neurol 2009;7(4):381-388.
(26.) Schirmer CM, et al. Neurosurg Focus. Mechanisms of visual loss in papilledema 2007;23(5):E5.
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Deepshikha Solanki [1], Vandana Meena [2], Unnati Sharma [3], Sanjeev Agrawal [4]
[1] Senior Resident, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.
[2] Medical Officer, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.
[3] Junior Resident, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.
[4] Professor, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Gandhi Medical College, Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal.
Financial or Other, Competing Interest: None.
Submission 13-01-2016, Peer Review 08-02-2016, Acceptance 15-02-2016, Published 25-02-2016.
Corresponding Author:
Dr. Deepshikha Solanki, C/o., Mr. ChandrashekharSolanki, D-21, Char Imli, Bhopal-462016, Madhya Pradesh.
E-mail: [email protected]
DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2016/184
Table 1: Age
Age (yr.) No. of % of Patient
Patient (n=50)
0-10 06 12
11-20 12 24
21-30 16 32
31-40 8 16
41-50 5 10
51-60 3 6
TOTAL 50 100
Table 2: Sex
Sex No. of Cases (n=50) % of Cases
MALE 21 42
FEMALE 29 58
TOTAL 50 100
In this study, 42% affected were males and 58% females.
Table 3: Laterality
Laterality of Disc Edema No. of Case (n=50) % of Case
UNILATERAL 15 30
BILATERAL 35 70
TOTAL 50 100
Table 4: Local Causes
OPTIC NEUROPATHY 11 22
LOCAL AION 3 6
CAUSES BRAO 1 2
HYPOTONY 0 0
RAISED IOP 0 0
TOTAL 15 30
Table 5: Systemic Causes
Causes No. of Cases % of Cases
SYSTEMIC CAUSES ICSOL 12 24
DIABETES 1 2
MALIGNANT 5 10
HYPERTENSION
MENINGITIS 6 12
DRUG HISTORY 4 8
PSEUDOTUMOR 1 2
CEREBRI
MALARIA 3 6
ANAEMIA 1 2
ENCEPHALOPATHY 1 2
HEAD INJURY 1 2
TOTAL 35 70
Table 6: Sign/Symptom
Symptom No. of Cases % of Cases
Diminution of vision 25 50
Headache 35 70
Nausea/Vomiting 24 48
Transient obscuration of vision 8 16
Lateral Rectus Palsy 2 4
Diplopia 2 4
Table 7: Radiological Finding
Radiological Finding No. of Cases % of Cases
ICSOL 11 64.70
VENOUS THROMBOSIS 2 11.76
DEMYELINATION 1 5.88
SINUSITIS 2 11.76
INFARCTION 1 5.88
TOTAL 17 100
SEX
MALE 42
Female 58
Note: Table made from pie chart.
LATERALITY OF DISCEDEMA
UNILATERAL 30%
BILATERAL 70%
Note: Table made from pie chart.
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| Title Annotation: | Original Article |
|---|---|
| Author: | Solanki, Deepshikha; Meena, Vandana; Sharma, Unnati; Agrawal, Sanjeev |
| Publication: | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences |
| Article Type: | Report |
| Date: | Feb 25, 2016 |
| Words: | 3427 |
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