Dispersed But Not Destroyed: A History of the Seventeenth-Century Wendat People.

Dispersed But Not Destroyed: A History of the Seventeenth-Century Wendat People, by Kathryn Magee Labelle. Vancouver & Toronto, University of British Columbia Press, 2013. xiii, 273 pp. $95.00 Cdn (cloth), $32.95 Cdn (paper).

In this welcome addition to seventeenth-century North American historiography, Kathryn Labelle takes aim at the longstanding discourse of "destruction" surrounding the Iroquois military assault on the Wendat (Huron) nation in 1649. Labelle seeks to answer how a people supposedly vanquished in 1649 managed to retain not only group identity under diasporic conditions but also significant political influence in the upper Great Lakes region to 1701 and beyond. The result of her effort is a provocative and important contribution to our understanding of Aboriginal nations' capacities for survival under difficult circumstances associated with settler intrusion.

Although relying on many of the same primary sources (especially the Jesuit Relations) that her predecessors employed to craft a narrative of Wendat "destruction," Labelle's fresh take on the history of the Wendat people after 1649 is drawn from a close rereading of those texts integrated with a firm grounding in Wendat ethnography and some newly-available Wendat traditional sources. More than simply offering a "glass half full" counterpoint to declension-oriented narratives, Labelle invites her readers into the complex context of post-1649 "dispersal" Wendat history to demonstrate how those living through an undeniable sociopolitical catastrophe drew upon cultural traditions to formulate innovative responses to duress: spatial mobility, political alliances with Aboriginal and French allies, Christian devotion, the calibrated exploitation of what Labelle calls "cultural capital," and linguistic brokerage of diplomacy all figure prominently in her account of Wendat persistence.

Focusing attention on Wendat dispersals after 1649, Labelle provides original and detailed accounts of Wendat suffering during their initial retreat to refuge on Gahoendoe Island from 1649 to 1650--here she incorporates valuable new data from historical archaeology to help explain the extreme circumstances that motivated the Wendats to undertake more distant removals to the upper Great Lakes and to refuge among the French in the St. Lawrence River valley. Her narrative then moves to chronological chapters on the Western Wendats (residing among Algonquian-speaking Ojibwes and Odawas at Michilimackinac) and the Eastern Wendats (who established a mission community near Quebec that became known as Lorette) down to 1701 before concluding with thematic chapters on Leadership, Women, and Power. Given her emphasis on the degree to which Eastern Wendats felt compelled to manifest pious Christian devotion while living among the French, the fundamental geographic divergence of the Wendat population appears to be explained by this cultural fault line--a point further supported by the decision of many Eastern Wendats to relocate voluntarily to the lands of their former enemies, the Iroquois League, after their arrival in Quebec.

While Magee devotes her seventh chapter to an analysis of the Wendats who relocated to Iroquoia after 1649, this intriguing phenomenon fits imperfectly with the author's thesis and results in an uneven treatment of a significant aspect of the post-1649 Wendat dispersal. Labelle acknowledges that at least 2,000 (or twenty percent) of the Wendat population "either chose or were forced to move to Iroquois country" in 1650 and that these people "exceeded the numbers of Wendat at Michilimackinac and Lorette" (p. 120). She then notes that subsequent "large-scale relocations of hundreds and even whole villages of Wendats" (p. 120) occurred after 1650 but overlooks recent published estimates that quantify these subsequent relocations as encompassing at least an additional 1,600 and possibly 2,800 Wendats entering Iroquois communities as part of the dispersal. Finally, the chapter's treatment of the experience of Wendat adoptees in Iroquoia emphasizes some of the ways in which these people retained a distinct identity during the first generation of their incorporation into Iroquois nations (a practice that Iroquois hosts not only tolerated but frequently encouraged) but fails to demonstrate that such concerns for distinction lasted much longer. It would appear that for many Wendat, the opportunity to retain an independent Aboriginal lifestyle among the Iroquois, sharing a "common Nadowek cultural heritage" and "compatible Nadowek traditions" (p. 124) represented a legitimate and popular cultural choice within the context of the Wendat diaspora--at least as important as those the author opts to emphasize to a greater degree notwithstanding the relative demographics.

At several points in the narrative, Labelle's interpretations raise interesting questions. For example, her claim that Eastern Wendat Jacques Otratenkoui's decision to abandon his Christian marriage at Lorette and take a Western "traditionalist" (p. 179) Wendat wife at Michilimackinac may be read as a productive construction of kinship links by marriage "throughout the diaspora" (p. 188)--would he and his family have been welcome at Lorette after departing under those circumstances? Also, her reliance on a traditional history to support a claim of Wendat migration into their traditional territory circa 1000 ce (p. 69) seems at odds with archaeological work indicating longstanding Wendat ties to southern Ontario homelands.

Overall, however, this is a rich and challenging new study that interrogates an old assumption in productive new ways. Labelle's fascinating account of the 1999 Wendat Feast of Souls ceremony and detailed concluding essay on sources represent added value to a rewarding revision of what Labelle terms "the destruction myth," a theme with broad implications for First Nations and contact-period studies.

DOI: 10.3138/CJH.ACH.50.3.007

Jon Parmenter, Cornell University

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Author:	Parmenter, John
Publication:	Canadian Journal of History
Article Type:	Book review
Date:	Dec 22, 2015
Words:	885
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