collenchyma

Collenchyma cell layers may also differentiate as a conservative feature of the host organs (Amorim et al., 2017), or as a neoformed feature (Goodey, 1948).

The presence of collenchyma was observed on the border, and in this region, the palisade parenchyma was interrupted and the spongy parenchyma was reduced to about four cell layers (Figure 2H and 2L).

Collenchyma cells under the epidermis in the primary cortex were seen, and parenchyma cells including oval-shaped chloroplast inside the epidermis were found.

In the cross section of the main vein, 1-2 layers of collenchyma are seen under the lower epidermis.

Rectangular transection is also frequently observed in members of Labiatae and also the presence of collenchyma in the four angles has also been observed in the family as well [13].

The hypocotyledonary epidermis (Figure 2B and C) is uniseriate and exhibits stomata and unicellular non-glandular trichomes, while the cortex (Figure 2B and C) consists of collenchyma, parenchyma and starchy endodermis.

In transversal sections the adaxial face shows subepidermical lacunar collenchyma and two or three cellular strata of palisade parenchyma (Figure 4S).

It is evident in this study that, although the analyzed Piper species show thin and flexible leaves, the hypodermis is present on both surfaces in a varied number of layers; furthermore, it can also differentiate into a collenchyma next to the central rib on adaxial leaf surfaces.

4A) and that the epidermis cells was not surrounded by clear layer of cuticle and composed of a compact cells containing chlorophyll, either the cortex, it begins with two layers of collenchyma cells, located under the epidermis and is characterized by the absent of air spaces between the cells (Fig.

Hypodermis cells formed of patches of collenchyma with thickened tangential walls were elongated along the periclinal walls, likewise the epidermis cells (Figures 7(a)-7(e)).