How Migration Really Works, Hein de Haas, 2023, 451 pages, Dewey 325, ISBN 9781541604315
To the author, there's no crisis. He seems to be minimizing whHow Migration Really Works, Hein de Haas, 2023, 451 pages, Dewey 325, ISBN 9781541604315
To the author, there's no crisis. He seems to be minimizing what at least locally is traumatic.
WORDS
Migration: A change in habitual residence across administrative borders. Most administrative systems count a 6- to 12-month change in habitual residence as migration. p. ix.
Migrant: A person who lives in a place or country other than their place or country of birth. p. ix.
International migrant: (for this book) Foreign-born. (Other users of the term include children and even grandchildren of the foreign-born. This book calls such people 2nd- and 3rd-generation migrants.) p. ix.
"Pro-" vs. "anti-'' framing yields only bickering. p. 4.
Migration is normal. p. 4. It benefits some people more than others, can have downsides for some, but it's intrinsic to our world and can't be eliminated. p. 2.
MYTHS
Immigration is not as massive and transformative as we often think. p. 5.
U.S. border enforcement turned what had been a circular flow of migrants into a permanent population of 11 million unauthorized residents. By Reagan, Bush I, Clinton, Bush II, Obama, Trump, and Biden. p. 7. [Fraction of U.S. population born elsewhere rose from .06 in 1960 to .14 in 2015: https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=... and is nearing the 1890 peak of 15%: https://www.pewresearch.org/short-rea... ]
TRENDS
MYTH 1: MIGRATION IS AT AN ALL-TIME HIGH. p. 15.
International migration has remained low and stable. p. 16. The number of people habitually living in a country they weren't born in has stayed around 3% of global population from 1960 (93 M/3B) to 2017 (247 M/7.6 B). Plus, such counts are now more inclusive. p. 17.
[Here's the current list by country: fraction of population born elsewhere: https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=... .256 Australia .202 Canada .144 Germany .137 United States .033 world average .017 Japan .009 Mexico .004 India .001 China
Globally, 3% of us have migrated. Few of us have migrated to /become/ victims of financial feudalism. Those 3% have migrated largely to try to escape it. I wish them well.
The author obscures what's happening by giving us only the global average.]
97% of global population lives in its native country. Weird, in light of huge inequalities. p. 19. [People must really like living at home. And/or, it's a rare Chinese or Indian who /can/ leave.]
Moving production to where labor is cheap has lessened the need for workers to relocate. pp. 29-30.
MYTH 2: BORDERS ARE BEYOND CONTROL. p. 31.
Most unauthorized residents entered legally and overstayed their visas. p. 41.
Demand for foreign workers exceeds legal quotas. This drives migration "under ground," which enables abuse of workers. p. 41.
10.5 million, 3.2% of the U.S. population, are unauthorized residents, as of 2018. p. 35.
The U.S. doesn't prosecute illegal employers of unauthorized workers. p. 35.
BRACEROS: The U.S. Government recruited 4.5 million Mexicans for farm and rail work, 1942-1964. p. 40.
[The U.S. Government still grants visas that tie immigrants to a specific employer--making it easy for that employer to underpay and overwork the migrant. ]
MYTH 3: THE WORLD IS FACING A REFUGEE CRISIS. p. 45.
No, only .1% to .35% of world population are refugees, 1950s-2022. pp. 47-48. Down from 8% after WWII. p. 57. [Worse yet after the Toba catastrophe. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_... . Keep calm?] Most refugees stay in neighboring, developing, countries. p. 49-50.
8.7 million, 41% of the prewar population, fled Syria, 2012-2021. p. 56.
[The author minimizes the problem by dividing it by world population.]
Refugee flow is peaky: during a conflict, refugees flow. Afterward, there's little flow. p. 55. [Many of those refugees remain displaced.]
MYTH 4: OUR SOCIETIES ARE MORE DIVERSE THAN EVER. p. 60.
No, we've been diverse before. [Circa 1911, the Socialist Party delivered flyers in 12 languages in Milwaukee. --The Fall of Wisconsin, Dan Kaufman, 2018, p. 63. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwa... Migrants speak their native tongue; their kids are fully bilingual; their grandchildren speak English. ]
MYTH 5: DEVELOPMENT IN POOR COUNTRIES WILL REDUCE MIGRATION. p. 78.
No, economic development gives more people the ability to migrate, and infects more people with the aspiration to migrate. So migration increases. pp. 83, 85.
MYTH 6: EMIGRATION IS A DESPERATE FLIGHT FROM MISERY. p. 93.
Migration is a rational decision requiring planning and resources. p. 96.
MYTH 7: WE DON'T NEED MIGRANT WORKERS. p. 109.
People migrate when they can get jobs. p. 110.
IMPACTS
MYTH 8: IMMIGRANTS STEAL JOBS AND DRIVE DOWN WAGES. p. 129.
Immigration is a reaction to labor shortages. p. 131.
In 1980, Fidel Castro permitted 125,000 Cubans to emigrate. This increased Miami's lower-skilled workforce by 20%. Wages and employment rates were unchanged, for those workers already there. p. 133.
MYTH 9: IMMIGRATION UNDERMINES THE WELFARE STATE. p. 145.
Tax benefits or costs of immigration range plus or minus 1 percent of gross domestic product. pp. 147-149.
MYTH 10: IMMIGRANT INTEGRATION HAS FAILED. p. 160.
Latino and Asian kids now learn English faster than German or Italian kids did in the early 1900s. p. 163. [My grandparents' part of east-central Missouri spoke German from 1848 to 1914.]
MYTH 11: MASS MIGRATION HAS PRODUCED MASS SEGREGATION. p. 180.
Class disparity is the real problem. p. 193.
MYTH 12: IMMIGRATION SENDS CRIME RATES SOARING. p. 196.
In general, immigration lowers violent crime. p. 197.
MYTH 13: EMIGRATION LEADS TO A BRAIN DRAIN. p. 209.
Most countries are relatively able to retain most of their higher-skilled citizens. p. 211.
[Puerto Rico lost 5,000 physicians, about 36% of them, from 2006 to 2016, to outmigration. --/Puerto Rico: What Everyone Needs to Know/, Jorge Duany, 2017. p. 151.]
MYTH 14: IMMIGRATION LIFTS ALL BOATS. p. 222.
No, the benefits of migration accrue disproportionately to the rich. p. 224
MYTH 15: WE NEED IMMIGRANTS TO FIX THE PROBLEMS OF AGEING SOCIETIES. p. 234.
Immigration is too small to fix the effects of ageing. p. 236.
LIES & MYTHS
MYTH 16: BORDERS ARE CLOSING DOWN. p. 249.
Immigration policies have largely become more liberal since WWII. pp. 250-252.
MYTH 17: CONSERVATIVES ARE TOUGHER ON IMMIGRATION. p. 266.
There is no left-right divide on immigration. p. 267.
MYTH 18: PUBLIC OPINION HAS TURNED AGAINST IMMIGRATION. p. 279.
Public opinion has grown more positive on immigration. In 2020, for the first time, more Americans polled said immigration should be increased rather than reduced. p. 281.
MYTH 19: SMUGGLING IS THE CAUSE OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION. p. 291.
Smuggling is a reaction to border controls. p. 292.
MYTH 20: TRAFFICKING IS A FORM OF MODERN SLAVERY. p. 309.
Many alleged trafficking victims who were "rescued" in Italy and flown back to Nigeria did all they could to return to Italy and resume their work. p. 311.
MYTH 21: BORDER RESTRICTIONS REDUCE IMMIGRATION. p. 326.
Border restrictions make temporary migrants permanent. p. 333.
MYTH 22: CLIMATE CHANGE WILL LEAD TO MASS MIGRATION. p. 343.
The Uninhabitable Earth: Life after Warming, David Wallace-Wells, 2023 edition adapted for young adults, 157 pages, ISBN 9780593483572, Dewey 304.28 WThe Uninhabitable Earth: Life after Warming, David Wallace-Wells, 2023 edition adapted for young adults, 157 pages, ISBN 9780593483572, Dewey 304.28 W155un new teen collection
mya = million years ago
Extinction events: 450 mya 86% of species dead 380 mya 75% of species dead 255 mya 96% of species dead 205 mya 80% of species dead 70 mya 75% of species dead
All but one of these involved greenhouse-gas-produced climate change. p. 3.
The worst, 255 mya, 96% of species dead, was caused by carbon dioxide raising global air temperature 5°C, leading to methane release. p. 3.
We are now adding carbon to the atmosphere at more than 10 times the rate of 255 mya. p. 4.
We're going to
bake, starve, drown, burn, parch, lose ocean life, choke, sicken, be impoverished, go to war, and worse.
Yet the author says he's optimistic because, "we remain in command."
The Uninhabitable Earth: Life after Warming, David Wallace-Wells, 2023 edition adapted for young adults, 157 pages, ISBN 9780593483572, Dewey 304.28 WThe Uninhabitable Earth: Life after Warming, David Wallace-Wells, 2023 edition adapted for young adults, 157 pages, ISBN 9780593483572, Dewey 304.28 W155un new teen collection
mya = million years ago
Extinction events: 450 mya 86% of species dead 380 mya 75% of species dead 255 mya 96% of species dead 205 mya 80% of species dead 70 mya 75% of species dead
All but one of these involved greenhouse-gas-produced climate change. p. 3.
The worst, 255 mya, 96% of species dead, was caused by carbon dioxide raising global air temperature 5°C, leading to methane release. p. 3.
We are now adding carbon to the atmosphere at more than 10 times the rate of 255 mya. p. 4.
We're going to
bake, starve, drown, burn, parch, lose ocean life, choke, sicken, be impoverished, go to war, and worse.
Yet the author says he's optimistic because, "we remain in command."
Reagan's military buildup strengthened hard-liners in the USSR, and impeded its opening and restructuring. --KilliDK290.3 A73 A3 1992 Memorial Library
Reagan's military buildup strengthened hard-liners in the USSR, and impeded its opening and restructuring. --Killing Hope, William Blum, 2014, p. 17....more
Best American Magazine Writing 2018, Sid Holt, ed., 2019, ISBN 9780231189996, Dewey 814.608
A celebrated sexual-harassment case. ["Sexual harassment" cBest American Magazine Writing 2018, Sid Holt, ed., 2019, ISBN 9780231189996, Dewey 814.608
A celebrated sexual-harassment case. ["Sexual harassment" could mean anything from a comment about her appearance, to rape. The authors do the reader the disservice of flogging this coy, meaningless phrase, refusing to say what they're talking about.] pp. 1-119.
900 mothers each year die in childbirth in the U.S., and 65,000 nearly die. There are 4 million births per year in the U.S. U.S. maternal deaths are 3 times the Canadian rate, 6 times the Scandinavian rate. pp. 120, 123, 144. The fragmented medical system makes it harder for new mothers, especially those without good insurance, to get the care they need. p. 124. Medicaid pays the medical costs of 45% of births in the U.S. The House of Representatives in 2018 passed a bill to gut Medicaid [the Senate did not]. p. 125. As recently as 2012, you could become an OB-GYN M.D. in the U.S. without learning to care for birthing mothers. p. 126. pp. 120-149.
Unintended victims of U.S. wars in the Mideast, 2003-2017. pp. 150-185.
2011.03 massacre of townspeople in Allende, Mexico, by the Zetas drug cartel, after the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency told the Zetas' pet cops that someone snitched. pp. 186-219.
Russian revolutions, 1825- . Published in /Smithsonian/ magazine. [U.S.-Government-funded.] pp. 220-269.
The Uninhabitable Earth. David Wallace-Wells. The imminent climate catastrophe. pp. 270-292. In January 2018, the North Pole was 70° warmer than normal. p. 271. The last time the Earth was 4°C warmer, sea level was hundreds of feet higher. p. 274. --Peter Brannen, /The Ends of the World/. Four of the five previous mass extinctions were caused by climate change produced by greenhouse gas. 252 million years ago, 5°C of warming released the arctic methane and killed 97% of life on Earth. p. 287. We are now adding carbon to the atmosphere at 10 times the rate then. No plausible emissions reduction can avert disaster. pp. 274-275. Humans can't live in 105°F at 90% humidity. p. 276. The European 2003 heat wave killed 2,000 people a day. p. 277. A heat index of 163°F was seen in 2015 in the Mideast. Salvadoran sugar-cane workers have chronic kidney disease from heat. In June 2018, it's 121°F in Southern California. pp. 277-278. Food-growing regions are desertifying. p. 279. Unfrozen arctic animal remains release the diseases they died of into today's populations. p. 280. Tropical diseases spread as tropical heat expands. p. 281. Five billion people will be exposed to malaria by 2050. p. 281. One-third of deaths in China in 2013 were from smog. p. 283. [I'm sure he's right about all this, though it often seems he's overstating his case.]
"My President Was Black," Ta-Nehisi Coates. pp. 294-344. [Yes, but he was a servant of Wall Street.]
National Football League, 2017-2018 season. pp. 346-377.
Race and "culture" [the Oscars, television talk shows, pro sports]. pp. 378-407
Chomsky's thoughts through Oct. 15, 2001 on the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist atta9-11, Noam Chomsky, 2001, 125 pages, ISBN 1583224890, Dewey 973.931 C454n
Chomsky's thoughts through Oct. 15, 2001 on the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
Terrorism is a gift to repressive elements on all sides. p. 19. The U.S. Government is taking the opportunity to increase militarism, control, and wealth-transfer to the rich. There are bin Ladens on both sides. p. 34.
Bush upped the violence, provoking more attacks. p. 27.
Bush unleashed death and destruction on millions of innocent Afghans. pp. 94-101.
The media salute power in a time of crisis. p. 30
As for "Western civilization," perhaps we can heed the words attributed to Gandhi when asked what he thought about "Western civilization:" he said that it might be a good idea. p. 92.
/Unholy Wars/, John K. Cooley, 1999, on the CIA's recruiting, arming and training the most extreme Islamists it could find, to fight the Russians in Afghanistan. p. 18. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9...
The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam, Michael G. Vann (1967- ), author, and Liz Clarke (1982- ), illustThe Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam, Michael G. Vann (1967- ), author, and Liz Clarke (1982- ), illustrator, 2019, 263 pages, ISBN 9780190602697, Library-of-Congress DS559.93 .HV36 V38 2019 Memorial Library
This is a "microhistory." He uses the failed 1902 plague-carrying rat eradication to introduce imperialism, globalization, and pandemic disease. The first 122 pages are an engaging history of French imperial domination of Hanoi, in comic-book format. Then after a set of primary sources, mostly from the dawn of the 20th century, Vann gives us 33 pages of what he calls, "historical contexts." These introduce the world history leading to French control of Indochina. Accessible; suitable for kids.
The 1902 rat hunt itself is on pages 89-96. It was ineffective. The plague pandemic eventually subsided; cholera and other diseases became bigger problems.
Maps pp. ii, 21, 31-34, 37-40, 43, 49, 55, 66-67, 73, 75, 78-81, 93, 103, 108, 111, 121, 201, 220
Pages 1-122 history in comic-book format.
Pages 123-195 primary sources, 1887-1996. "Always ask yourself if you can trust these sources." p. 127.
Pages 197-231 historical contexts: The New Imperialism Western Industrial Capitalism The Third Republic (France, 1870-1940) Vietnamese Resistance: Nationalist, Communist, and Everyday The Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic, 1855-1959
Pages 233-243 "the making of this book."
Pages 247-250 discussion questions. If you were going to read this book as a student, you'd want to read these first, and write down their answers as you come to them in the book.
Pages 251-255 timeline of Vietnamese dynasties.
Pages 256-263 annotated bibliography.
541-767 First bubonic-plague pandemic: up to 50 million die. p. 73. 1096-1291 Crusades expose Europe to the riches of Asia. p. 32 1346-1835 Second bubonic-plague pandemic: up to 200 million die. p. 73. by 1820, Indian opium sold in China flows silver to Britain. p. 34. 1839-1842 First Opium War, begins China's century of humiliations. pp. 35, 253. 1855-1959 Third bubonic-plague pandemic: up to 15 million die. pp. xiv, 73, 227-231, 253. 1857-1860 Second Opium War: France enters Indochina. pp. 37, 253. 1869 Suez Canal open. p. 36. 1870-1940 French Third Republic. pp. 217-221. 1871 Germany takes Alsace and Lorraine from France; Germany unifies. p. 202. 1882 French seize Hanoi pp. 13, 39, 253 1901 Plague in Hanoi 1902.04.25-1902.07.10; 1903.04.03-1904.02.22 Bounty on rats in Hanoi. pp. 89-96, 104. 1929-1939 Great Depression disrupts colonial economy; mass unemployment. p. 110. 1930.10 Ho Chi Minh organizes Indochinese Communist Party. p. 110. 1940-1945 Japan captures Indochina and the Dutch East Indies. p. 111. 1941 Ho Chi Minh organizes Viet Minh to fight all foreign occupiers. p. 111. 1946-1954 First (French) Indochina War. p. 254. 1963-1973 Second (American) Indochina War. p. 254. 1995 Diplomatic relations between Vietnam and the U.S. established. p. 255. 1995 Vietnam joins ASEAN. p. 120. 1997, 2014 Michael G. Vann visits Hanoi. pp. 117-122.
Books:
Empires and Colonies in the Modern World: A Global Perspective, Heather E. Streets-Salter, Trevor R. Getz, 2015.
Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West, William Cronon, 1991. Shows that no city is an island. Chicago exists because of the Midwest, sending agricultural products to the city, and getting manufactured goods from it. p. 199.
[In that regard, The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History, 1961, shows that, when trade collapses, cities evaporate. Covers Europe, West Asia, and North Africa, 362 CE to 1478 CE. https://www.goodreads.com/review/show... ]
Whose Millennium? Theirs or Ours?, Daniel Singer (1926-2000), 1998, 282 pages, ISBN 0853459460, Dewey 332.12'2, Library-of-Congress HX73 S557 1999 MemWhose Millennium? Theirs or Ours?, Daniel Singer (1926-2000), 1998, 282 pages, ISBN 0853459460, Dewey 332.12'2, Library-of-Congress HX73 S557 1999 Memorial Library
This is 215 pages of economic and political history (1800s-1998), followed by 67 pages of, I would say, wishful thinking. A good statement of the problem, but no solution.
Tina--There Is No Alternative to a lords-of-capital-and-wage-slaves world--is now the unwritten premise of the whole political debate. pp. 2, 150-151.
Governments worldwide are in thrall to financial capital, whose movement across borders has been unfettered since 1974. The threat of capital flight keeps wages, working conditions, and environmental protections poor. pp. 64-65. The International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, enforce exportation of the American nightmare to the world: unlivable minimum wages, lack of job security, inadequate or no unemployment insurance, inadequate or no medical insurance, inadequate or no pensions. pp. 58, 66-67.
The combined wealth of the 225 richest people in the world nearly equals the annual income of the poorer half of the earth's population. (>2.5 billion, 1998). pp. 6, 181.
Capitalism cannot ensure our ecological survival. The biosphere cannot bear worldwide consumption at current Western levels. [Population is still growing by 1 billion per 12 years. https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=... ] p. 215.
At the time of this writing, the Eastern European command economies had been taken over by looter capitalists, creating obscene poverty and obscene wealth, the West salivating for spoils. pp. 36-42. The Asian economic crisis exemplified the destructive excesses of capitalism. The author had hope that the obviousness of capitalism's horrors would prompt people to seek some way other than either party-boss command or aristocracy of wealth.
CAPITAL WINS
By downsizing, outsourcing, and re-engineering, a substantial share of U.S. national income shifted from wages to profits, 1970s-1990s. p. 158. Reagan showed the world how to crush a labor union, 1981-1982. p. 163. Japanese management disguised coercion as consent, and exported management-by-stress to the world. p. 167. Lean production, myriad sweatshop subsubsubcontractors, meant reduced resistance, lower wages, fewer social benefits. p. 169. Armaments, universal debt, planned obsolescence enrich the rich. pp. 170, 179.
DIVIDE, CONQUER
Wealth attacks alternately the public- and private-sector workers. The impudence of tycoons who earn millions or of academics, getting a nice bonus from the media for their mainstream views, describing the postal or railway workers as pampered or privileged is just indecent. p. 141.
The collapse of Bretton Woods in the early 1970s made room for globalization. pp. 188, 192-193.
WWI birthed the Bolshevik Revolution. The Great Depression birthed Nazism. p. 190.
Economically, WWII had a lone victor. Postwar, the U.S. made half of global manufactures, one-third of global exports, and had 61% of global gold. pp. 191-192.
By the 1970s, the U.S. had spent more than the value of its gold; foreign competition was limiting profits. The U.S. lifted all restrictions on movements of capital in 1974. p. 196. The U.S. has been a net debtor since 1986, and is now the world's biggest borrower. p. 202.
After the value of the peso fell in 1994, the U.S. bailed out the Mexican government and the American investors, leaving Mexicans to bear unemployment, inflation, and a sharp drop in living standards. pp. 203-205.
This book is a call to action, but a vague one. p. 280. If we do not quickly offer progressive solutions to the growing popular discontent, there are plenty of dark saviours waiting in the wings. p. 8. Only collective action can prevent the millennium from being /theirs/--apocalypse, or at best barbarism. pp. 282, 176-178. If globalization is the way in which profit conquers the world, internationalism must be the reply of the working people. p. 214.
The author wants us all to produce according to our ability and consume according to our need. pp. 235-236. He seems to reject pricing and payment as ways to allocate scarce resources, but offers nothing in their stead. p. 233. He thinks people will work out of a sense of duty, or for the satisfaction of it. p. 235. He advocates a world of worker co-ops, but says little of really existing worker co-ops. He thinks workers should "bring the whole system down," without offering a viable replacement. p. 183.
Pascalian wager = If you live as if God exists and God does exist, you get infinite reward in heaven. If you live as if God does not exist and God does exist, you get infinite punishment in hell. If God does not exist, your rewards or punishments are merely finite ones in this life. p. 280. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasca...
MiGs over North Vietnam: The Vietnam People's Air Force in Combat, 1965-1975, Roger Boniface, 2008, 223 pages, ISBN 9780811706964
The Vietnam air war aMiGs over North Vietnam: The Vietnam People's Air Force in Combat, 1965-1975, Roger Boniface, 2008, 223 pages, ISBN 9780811706964
The Vietnam air war as experienced by North Vietnamese pilots. Brave North Vietnamese airmen defended their homeland against the mightiest air force ever. pp. xii, xviii. Planes and training, and antiaircraft weapons, from China and USSR. Initial advice from Japan and Germany. p. xvi. The U.S. stationed 660 aircraft, against 30 North Vietnamese MiGs. p. 14. The Vietnam People's Air Force was very much smaller than its opponents realized. p. 40. By 1966.12.31, the U.S. had lost 451 aircraft, and had shot down 22 MiGs. p. 37. (And dropped many tons of bombs.) In 1967, the USAF lost 334 aircraft, flying 878,771 combat sorties [not in any one, nor in any two, years, in all of Southeast Asia: see the counts in the AFA report, cited below], dropping 681,700 tons of munitions, attacking every target in Vietnam. The VPAF lost 45 MiGs. p. 59. In 1968, the U.S. lost 900 aircraft; the VPAF lost 87 MiGs. p 67. President Johnson announced that bombing North Vietnam would end 1968.11.02. p. 67. Nixon tried to bomb the North Vietnamese into submission in 1972. Instead it hardened their resolve. p. 122.
The MiG 17 flew at 711 mph, range 915 miles. p. 184. The MiG 21 had a top speed of 1386 mph, range 300 miles. p. 186.
The book is largely a recounting of a succession of air-combat engagements, based mainly on Vietnamese sources, with some corroboration and contradiction by U.S. sources. Errors of dates and of counts call the book's accuracy into question.
ERRATA Chapter 6 is about 1967. The 1968 dates on p. 51 no doubt should be 1967.
p. 66, "April and May 1969, Americans attacked 6,000 targets over North Vietnam," must actually be 1968. The U.S. claimed only 285 sorties over North Vietnam in 1969; over 92,000 over North Vietnam in 1968. See the AFA report cited below.
SEE ALSO
"The Air Force in the Vietnam War," Air Force Association, 2004, https://secure.afa.org/Mitchell/Repor... p. 14 shows numbers of sorties by year over North and South Vietnam.
U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Constellation air crews shot down by North Vietnam: https://www.globeatwar.com/blog-entry... Including aces Cunningham and Driscoll 1972.05.10, both of whom survived. That dogfight is described in this book on p. 97.
Thomas Ray
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