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Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis,...

Benford's law, also known as the Newcomb–Benford law, the law of anomalous numbers, or the first-digit law, is an observation that in many real-life sets...

In statistics, the logistic model (or logit model) is a statistical model that models the log-odds of an event as a linear combination of one or more independent...

In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are real functions which relate...

666 (six hundred [and] sixty-six) is the natural number following 665 and preceding 667. In Christianity, 666 is referred to in (most manuscripts of) chapter...

In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra. It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the...

In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance...

Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol ×, by the mid-line dot operator ⋅, by juxtaposition, or, on computers, by an asterisk *) is one of the...

In cryptography, SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message...

In signal processing, cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the displacement of one relative to the other. This is...

In mathematics, an infinitesimal number is a non-zero quantity that is closer to 0 than any non-zero real number is. The word infinitesimal comes from...

In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm that operates on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are the elementary...

In statistics, the likelihood-ratio test is a hypothesis test that involves comparing the goodness of fit of two competing statistical models, typically...

In geometry, a hypotenuse is the side of a right triangle opposite the right angle. It is the longest side of any such triangle; the two other shorter...

Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers to protect secrets, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might...

In mathematics, a Clifford algebra is an algebra generated by a vector space with a quadratic form, and is a unital associative algebra with the additional...

Alfred Tarski (/ˈtɑːrski/, born Alfred Teitelbaum; January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a Polish-American logician and mathematician. A prolific author...

In cryptography, a secure channel is a means of data transmission that is resistant to overhearing and tampering. A confidential channel is a means of...

Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, where the...

In representation theory and algebraic number theory, the Langlands program is a web of far-reaching and consequential conjectures about connections between...